Encyclopedia

Principle of locality In physics, the principle of locality is that distant objects cannot have direct influence on one another: an object is influenced directly only by its immediate surroundings. This was stated as follows by Albert Einstein in his article "Quantum Mechanics and Reality" ("Quanten-Mechanik und Wirklichkeit", Dialectica 2:320-324, 1948):
Principle of logical effort The principle of logical effort is a guideline in VLSI design to determine the preferred design of several that implement a logical statement - it states that the design with the minimum propagation delay is preferred.
Principle of maximum work In thermodynamics, the principle of maximum work was a postulate put forward in 1875 by the French chemist Marcellin Berthelot which stated that chemical reactions will tend to yield the maximum amount of chemical energy in the form of work as the reaction progresses.
Principle of minimum energy The principle of minimum energy is essentially a restatement of the second law of thermodynamics. It states that for a closed system, with constant external parameters and entropy, the internal energy will decrease and approach a minimum value at equilibrium.
Principle of relativity A principle of relativity is a criterion for judging physical theories, stating that they are inadequate if they do not prescribe the exact same laws of physics in certain similar situations. These types of principles have been successfully applied throughout science, whether implicitly (as in Newtonian mechanics) or explicitly (as in Albert Einstein's special relativity and general relativity).
Principle of restricted choice (bridge) In contract bridge, the principle of restricted choice states that the play of a particular card increases the likelihood that the player doesn't have another equivalent one. It is used to help a player find the best line of play in certain situations.
Principles and parameters Principles and parameters is a framework in generative linguistics. Principles and parameters was largely formulated by the linguists Noam Chomsky and Howard Lasnik, though it was the culmination of the research of many linguists.
Principles and Standards for School Mathematics Principles and Standards for School Mathematics is a document produced in 1989 by the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) to set forth a national vision for precollege mathematics education] in the [[United States and Canada. The controversial document would be largely adopted by most education agencies from local to federal levels by the mid 2000s and also serve as a basis for most states' mathematics standards, as well as an influence on standards in other nations.
Principles of attention stress The Principles of Attention Stress is a User Interface design theory to measure the amount of attention that is required to perform certain tasks in a web application. It is developed by Antradar Software in an attempt to benchmark the easy of use of open source CMS products and to monitor the trend of UI designs.
Principles of European Tort Law The Principles of European Tort Law (PETL) are a compilation of guidelines by the European Group on Tort Law aiming at the harmonization of European tort law. They are not intended to serve as a model code, even though their wording may resemble statutory texts.
Principles of Intelligent Urbanism Principles of Intelligent Urbanism (PIU) emerged as a response to rapidly growing low income cities, with limited resources and inadequate infrastructure levels. Western city planning paradyms such as the movement, and have limited application to these conctexts.
Principles of Theoretical Logic Principles of Theoretical Logic is the 1950 American translation of the 1938 second edition of David Hilbert's and Wilhelm Ackermann's classic text GrundzĂĽge der theoretischen Logik, on elementary mathematical logic. The 1928 first edition thereof is considered the first elementary text clearly grounded in the formalism now known as first-order logic (FOL).
Principles of War The principles of war are tenets used by military organizations to focus the thinking of leaders toward successful prosecution of battles and wars. They are generally attributed to Carl von Clausewitz and his book, On War.
Principles of Warfare Throughout history, soldiers and scholars have sought to determine fundamental rules for the conduct of warfare. These approaches have been both prescriptive, stating what actions are allowed and forbidden in warfare, by law, ethics, or religion, and descriptive, analyzing the best practices and means by which a commander and his army or fleet can win a battle or a war.
Prinergy Prinergy Is a prepress workflow system created by Creo and currently maintained and sold through Kodak. It is a client/server system that integrates PDF creation, job proofing, imposition, and a RIP into one unified workflow.
Pringle manoeuvre The Pringle manoeuvre is a surgical manoeuvre used in some abdominal operations. A large hæmostat is used to clamp the lesser omentum interrupting the flow of blood through the Hepatic artery and the Portal vein and thus helping to control bleeding from, for example, the liver.
Pringle of Scotland Pringle of Scotland (known generally simply as Pringle) is a leading Scottish knitware manufacturer. The company was formed in 1815 by Robert Pringle and his partners, and was initially known as Waldie, Pringle, Wilson & Co"Diamond in the rough", The Scotsman.
Prinias Prinias (ancient Rizinia), Crete, 35 kilometres southwest of Iraklion, about halfway between Gortyn and Knossos, is an archaeological site that has revealed a seventh-century BCE temple with striking similarities to Egyptian architecture, and an Egyptianizing seated goddess. Above the site is a peak sanctuary, a sub-Minoan survival.
Prinny Prinnies are a fictional race of creatures in Nippon Ichi's turn based strategy RPGs. They are usually found in the various realms of the company's numerous strategy games, making their first appearance in Disgaea: Hour of Darkness.
Prins Bernhard Cultuurfonds The Prins Bernhard Cultuurfonds was founded in London in 1940 during World War II in order to buy war material for the British and Dutch Governments. It continued after the war as Stichting Prins Bernhard Cultuurfonds aiming to rebuild cultural life in the Netherlands.
Prins Bernhardhoeve Since 1956 the Prins Bernhardhoeve (PBH) is a building complex for fairs and events in Zuidlaren (Netherlands). PBH is the abbreviation of Prins Bernhardhoeve (Dutch), which might be translated in English as Prince Bernhard Farm.
Prins reaction The Prins reaction is an organic reaction consisting of an electrophilic addition of an aldehyde or ketone to an alkene or alkyne followed by capture of a nucleophile . The outcome of the reaction depends on reaction conditions (scheme 1).
Prinsengracht The Prinsengracht (Prince's Canal) is one of the main canals in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Most of the canal houses along it were built during the Dutch Golden Age of the United Provinces in the 17th century AD.
Prinsens Livregiment Prinsens Livregiment (English: The Prince's Life Regiment) was an infantry regiment, one of two in the Royal Danish Army. The regiment was the army's sole line infantry regiment, and is named for Prince Henrik, the husband of Queen Margrethe II.
Prinsep Street Presbyterian Church The Prinsep Street Presbyterian Church (Chinese: 布连拾街长老会磐石堂) is a Presbyterian church in Singapore. It is located at Prinsep Street in the Rochor Planning Area, within the Central Area in Singapore's central business district.
Print awareness Print awareness refers to a child's understanding of the nature and uses of print. A child's print awareness is closely associated with his or her word awareness or the ability to recognize words as distinct elements of oral and written communication.
Print culture Print culture embodies all forms of printed text and other printed forms of visual communication. Its key expositor is Elizabeth Eisenstein, who contrasted print culture, which appeared in Europe in the centuries after the advent of the Western printing-press (and much earlier in China where woodblock printing was used from at least 800AD), to scribal culture.
Print expense management Print Expense Management (or PEM, as it is often referred) is an expression that references services and ASP solution that provide cost reducing measures through business process outsourcing of printed materials.
Print Measurement Bureau Print Measurement Bureau (PMB) is a non-profit Canadian company that specialises in gathering statistics about print media readership. PMB conducts surveys to assess the level of readership for many magazines sold in Canada, and also conducts industry-specific surveys such as for medical profession publications.
Print on demand Print on demand or publish on demand (POD) is a publishing methodology in which a copy is not created until after an order is received. While POD may use any printing technology, such as linocut or Gutenberg letter press, digital printing is so often employed that the terms are often used interchangeably.
Print room A Print room is either a room or industrial building where printing takes place, or a room in a museum or a library, where a collection of old master prints, usually together with a collection of drawings, are held and viewed. The latter meaning is the subject of this article.
Print run Print run is a term primarily used in book publishing, and less often in the magazine market (usually for the first few editions of a new title). It usually refers to the number of copies that will be printed of a forthcoming book that is aimed at the commercial market.
Print Room The Print Room is an office in the Royal Collection Department of the Royal Household of the Sovereign of the United Kingdom. It is responsible for the care and maintenance of the royal collections of drawings and engravings, which is one of the finest in the world.
Print screen Print screen (often abbreviated, such as Prt Scr or Print Scrn) is a key present on most computer keyboards, typically situated in the same section as the break and Scroll lock keys. Print screen is shared with SysRq.
Print server A print server is a host computer or device to which one or more printers are connected and that can accept print jobs from external client computers connected to the print server over a network. The printer server then sends the data to the appropriate printer that it manages.
Print Services for UNIX Print Services for UNIX is the name given by Microsoft to its support of the Line Printer Daemon protocol (also called LPR, LPD) on Windows NT-based systems. This method allows LPD queues to be supported using the native Windows printing system.
Printable organs Using modified inkjet printers, scientists are producing three-dimensional living biological tissue. The printer cartridges are washed out and filled with a suspension of living cells and a "smart gel".
Printable version A printable version of an Internet HTML page is a simplified version of the webpage, rendered without navigation tools such as on-screen menus. In a printable version pages generally consist of plain text and pertinent images.
Printed circuit board In electronics, printed circuit boards, or PCBs, are used to mechanically support and electrically connect electronic components using conductive pathways, or traces, etched from copper sheets laminated onto a non-conductive substrate. Alternative names are printed wiring board (PWB),and etched wiring board.
Printed circuit board milling Printed circuit board milling is the process of removing areas of copper from a sheet of printed circuit board material to recreate the pads, signal traces and structures according to patterns from a digital circuit board plan known as a layout file. Similar to the more common and well known chemical PCB etch process, the PCB milling process is subtractive: material is removed to create the electrical isolation and ground planes required.
Printed electronics Printed electronics is the term for a relatively new technology that defines the printing of electronics on common media such as paper, plastic, and textile using standard printing processes. This printing preferably utilizes common press equipment in the graphics arts industry, such as screen printing, flexography, gravure, and offset lithography.
Printed segmented electroluminescence Printed Segmented Electroluminescence (pSEL) is a new technology (developed by UK company Pelikon ) that builds on the phenomenon of electroluminescence and has uses in creating flexible displays and interface technologies. pSEL Display panels use an encapsulated printed electroluminescent phosphor layer with various capacitive, insulation and conducting layers to create iconic and segmented lit areas.
Printemps de Bourges The Printemps de Bourges is a music festival, started in 1977 by Jean Christophe Dechico (director of the Maison de la Culture at the time), Alain Meilland (actor and singer) and Daniel Colling (music booking agent). Despite a recurrent lack of profitability, the city of Bourges continues to host the music festival to this day (as of December 2004), even though a recurrent financial deficit spelled its doom many times.
Printer (publisher) A printer is a company that provides commercial printing services, involving typesetting, printing and book-binding. The term can also refer to people who operate printing presses, or who run printing companies.
Printer Command Language Printer Command Language, more commonly referred to as PCL, is a Page description language (PDL) developed by HP as a printer protocol and has become a de facto industry standard. Originally developed for early inkjet printers in 1984, PCL has been released in varying levels for thermal, matrix printer, and page printers.
Printer driver In computers, a printer driver is a piece of software that converts the data to be printed to the form specific to a printer. The purpose of printer drivers is to allow applications to do printing without being aware of the technical details of each printer model.
Printer friendly Printer friendly is a term used on the Internet to describe a version of a web page formatted for printing. Normally, web pages include information and navigation content that is only useful while browsing the website.
Printer Job Language Printer Job Language (PJL) was developed by Hewlett-Packard to provide a method for switching printer languages at the job level, and for status readback between the printer and the host computer. PJL adds job level controls, such as printer language switching, job separation, environment, status readback, device attendance and file system commands.
Printer point In photography, a printer point is a unit of relative exposure, in printing a negative, equal to a 1/12 of a stop or 0.025 Log(base 10) unit (one-fortieth of a decade) of exposure ratio numbering scheme is used in photographic printing] and [[photographic filters.
Printer steganography Printer steganography is a type of steganography produced by color printers, including HP and Xerox brand color laser printers, where tiny yellow dots are added to each page. The dots are barely visible and contain encoded printer serial numbers, as well as date and time stamps.
Printer Setup Utility The Printer Setup Utility in Mac OS X serves to allow the user to configure printers physically connected to the computer, or connected via a network. The Utility provides more specific tools than the more user friendly printers pane in System Preferences.
Printer's Alley Printer's Alley is a famous alley in downtown Nashville, Tennessee, between Third and Fourth Avenues, and goes from Union Street to Commerce Street. The portion of the alley between Union and Church Street is the home of a nightclub district that dates back many years.
Printer's devil A printer's devil was an apprentice in a printing establishment who performed a number of tasks, such as mixing tubs of ink and fetching type. A number of famous men served as printer's devils in their youth, including Thomas Jefferson, Walt Whitman, Mark Twain, Warren Harding, John Kellogg, and Lyndon Johnson.
Printer's Row, Chicago Printer's Row, also known as Printing House Row, is a neighborhood located south of the Chicago downtown area known as the Loop. It is bounded by Congress Parkway on the north, Polk Street on the south, Plymouth Court on the east, and the Chicago River on the west.
Printers key The printers key, also known as a number line, is a convention that publishers started to use after World War II to indicate the print run of a book. It is found on the copyright page (the verso of the title page).
Printf("shiver in eternal darkness/n"); printf("shiver in eternal darkness/n"); is a 2000 album by breakcore artist Venetian Snares. The album makes use of heavily distorted drumbeats and low-frequency bass sounds to create an extremely abrasive atmosphere, similar in sound to later Venetian Snares works such as Doll Doll Doll.
Printing Printing is a process for production of texts and images, typically with ink on paper using a printing press. It is often carried out as a large-scale industrial process, and is an essential part of publishing and transaction printing.
Printing and Presses Act Printing Presses and Publications Act 1984 is a piece of legislation that requires all print media in Malaysia to obtain a licence and abide by its strict regulations. The license or permit must be renew annually in order to publish in Malaysia.
Printing Presses and Publications Act The Printing Presses and Publications Act 1984 is a Malaysian statute governing publishing and the usage of printing presses in Malaysia. It replaced the Printing Presses Act 1948 and the Control of Imported Publications Act 1958 (Revised 1972).
Printspying Printspying, a deviation from warspying, is when you connect to an insecure wireless printing network (instead of an insecure wireless internet connection or video feed), and proceed to print pornography and/or pictures from shock websites to the printer. Printspying is best when done when connected to a personal print network (home) but can also be done on business networks.
Prinya Thewanaruemitkul Prinya Thewanaruemitkul is a former Thai student leader and currently a member of the Faculty of Law at Thammasat Univerisity. During the 1992 protests against the military-led government that led to Bloody May, Prinya was Secretary-General of the Student Federation of Thailand.
Prinz Valdemar Capsize The Prinz Valdemar, a 241' steel hulled schooner, sank in the mouth of the turning basin of Miami harbor on January 10, 1926. The old Danish warship was on its way to becoming a floating hotel, during the heady days of the Florida land boom of the 1920's.
Prinz-Heinrich-Fahrt The Prinz-Heinrich-Fahrt (Prince Heinrich Tour), named after Prince Albert Wilhelm Heinrich of Prussia, was an automobile contest held from 1908 to 1911 and a precursor to the German Grand Prix. The brother of Emperor Wilhelm II, who had staged a Kaiserpreis for automobiles in 1907 (and for other sports also), was an automobile enthusiast and inventor.
Priodontognathus Priodontognathus (meaning "saw tooth jaw") was a genus of ankylosaurian dinosaur possibly from the Oxfordian-age Upper Jurassic Lower Calcareous Grit of Yorkshire, England. It is a dubious genus based on a maxilla, and has been erroneously mixed up with iguanodonts and stegosaurs.
Prion (bird) The prions are small petrels in the genus Pachyptila. Together with the Blue Petrel, they form one of the four groups within the Procellariidae (also referred to as the prions), along with the gadfly petrels, shearwaters and fulmarine petrels.
Prior appropriation water rights Prior appropriation water rights, sometimes known as the "Colorado Doctrine", is a system of allocating water rights from a water source that is markedly different from Riparian water rights. Water law in the western United States generally follows the appropriation doctrine which developed due to the scarcity of water in that area.
Prior art In most patent laws, prior art or state of the art (the latter term sometimes has other meanings as well) is all information that has been made available to the public in any form before a given date. If an invention has been described in prior art, a patent on that invention is not valid.
Prior Jones Prior Erskine Waverley Jones (born June 6, 1917, Princes Town, Trinidad and Tobago, died November 21, 1991, Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago) was a West Indian cricketer who played in nine Tests from 1947-48 to 1951-52. He was succeeded by his daughters Charmaine Jones-Cropper, Corinne Holder and Michelle Henry, as well as grandchildren Jonathan Henry and Zia Holder.
Prior knowledge for pattern recognition Pattern recognition is a very active field of research intimately bound to machine learning. Also known as classification or statistical classification, pattern recognition aims at building a classifier that can determine the class of an input pattern.
Prior of Blantyre The Prior of Blantyre (later Commendator of Blantyre) was the head of the medieval community of Augustinian canons based at Blantyre Priory (in modern South Lanarkshire). It was founded between 1239 and 1248, but the first prior is not known by name until 1296.
Prior of Fogo The Prior of Fogo was the head of the Tironensian monastic community and lands of Fogo Priory, Roxburghshire, founded sometime between 1253 and 1297. The patron was a local landlord name Patrick Corbet, who granted lands to Kelso Abbey to establish a cell there.
Prior of Inchmahome The Prior of Inchmahome (later, Commendator of Inchmahome) was the head of the community of Augustinian canons at Inchmahome Priory, on Inchmahome in the Lake of Menteith, in Highland Stirlingshire. The following is a list of priors and commendators:
Prior of Lesmahagow The Prior of Lesmahagow (later Commendator of Lesmahagow) was the head of the medieval Tironensian monastic community of Lesmahagow Priory, located in modern South Lanarkshire. The following is a list of priors and commendators:
Prior of Loch Leven The Prior of Loch Leven was the head of lands and of the community Augustinian canons of St Serf's Inch Priory, Loch Leven (aka Portmoak Priory). There was a Scottish Céli Dé (or Culdee) establishment there in the first half of the 12th century, allegedly found by Bruide, son of Dargart, King of the Picts (696–706).
Prior of May (Pittenweem) The Prior of May then Prior of Pittenweem (later Commendator of Pittenweem) was the head of the Benedictine canons of Isle of May Priory, which later became Augustinian Pittenweem Priory. The priory was originally based on the Isle of May, but was moved by 1318 to its nearby mainland site of Pittenweem, Fife, passing from the overlordship of Reading Abbey (Benedictine) to St Andrews Cathedral Priory (Augustinian).
Prior of Oronsay The Prior of Oronsay was the head of the Augustinian monastic community of Oronsay Priory, on the island of Oronsay, Inner Hebrides. It was in existence by 1353, perhaps founded by John of Islay, Lord of the Isles.
Prior of St Andrews The Prior of St Andrews was the head of the property and community of Augustinian canons of St Andrews Cathedral Priory, St Andrews, Fife, Scotland. It was established by King David I in 1140 with canons from Nostell Priory, West Yorkshire.
Prior of St Mary's Isle The Prior of St Mary's Isle (later Commendator of St Mary's Isle) was the head of the Augustinian monastic community of St Mary's Isle Priory, in Kirkcudbrightshire, Galloway. The following is a list of priors and commendators:
Prior of Strath Fillan The Prior of Strath Fillan was the head of the Augustinian monastic community of Strathfillan Priory, Strath Fillan in Argyll (now in the Stirling council area). The priors are badly documented and few are known.
Prior of Whithorn The Prior of Whithorn was the head of the monastic community at Whithorn Priory, attached to the bishopric of Galloway at Whithorn. It was originally an Augustinian establishment, but became Premonstratensian by the time of the second or third known prior.
Prior Park Landscape Garden Prior Park Landscape Garden is an 18th-century landscape garden, designed by the poet Alexander Pope and the landscape gardener Capability Brown, and now owned by the National Trust. It is south of Bath, Somerset, England by Prior Park Road, and 3/4 mile (1.
Prior restraint Prior restraint is a legal term referring to a government's actions that prevent materials from being published. Censorship that requires a person to seek governmental permission in the form of a license or imprimatur before publishing anything constitutes prior restraint every time permission is denied.
Priorities and Planning Committee The Priorities and Planning Committee is a key organ of the Cabinet of Canada. Usually chaired by the Prime Minister of Canada, this committee sets and guides the agenda of the government and in some cases acts for the whole cabinet.
Prioritizing Requirements using a Cost-Value Approach Requirement prioritization is used in Software product management for determining which candidate requirements of a software product should be included in a certain release of this product. Several methods for assessing a prioritization of software requirements exist.
Priority inheritance In computer science, priority inheritance is a method for eliminating priority inversion problems. Using this programming method, a process scheduling algorithm will increase the priority of a process to the maximum priority of any process waiting for any resource the process has a resource lock on.
Priority inversion In scheduling, priority inversion is the scenario where a low priority task holds a shared resource that is required by a high priority task. This causes the execution of the high priority task to be blocked until the low priority task has released the resource, effectively "inverting" the relative priorities of the two tasks.
Priority level Priority level or priority, in the Telecommunications Service Priority system, is the level that may be assigned to an NS/EP telecommunications service, which level specifies the order in which provisioning or restoration of the service is to occur relative to other NS/EP or non-NS/EP telecommunication services.
Priority Pass Priority Pass was launched in 1992 with the objective of providing frequent travelers with airport lounge access, irrespective of their class of travel, airline flown or existing membership in an airline loyalty program.
Priority right In patent, industrial design and trademark laws, a priority right or right of priority is a time-limited right, triggered by the first filing of an application for a patent, an industrial design or a trademark respectively. The priority right belongs to the applicant or his successor in title and allows him to file a subsequent application for the same invention, design or trademark and benefit, for this subsequent application, from the date of filing of the first application for the examination of certain requirements.
Priority Telecom Priority Telecom is a publicly listed Dutch telecommunications company that offers comprehensive solutions to businesses and governments in The Netherlands, Austria and Norway. Besides governmental organizations, they also work with health care, educational, financial services, utilities, security and retail markets.
Priory Integrated College Priory Integrated College is a secondary school located in Holywood, County Down, Northern Ireland. It is a co-educational Integrated College taking in 11 to 18 year old pupils from a wide area beyond Holywood, including Millisle, Donaghadee, Bangor, Newtownards, Dundonald and East Belfast.
Priory of Sion The Prieuré de Sion, usually rendered in English translation as Priory of Sion (occasionally as 'Priory of Zion'), is an alleged thousand-year-old cabal featured in various conspiracy theories, as well as being listed as a factual ancient mystery religion in the bestselling novel The Da Vinci Code by Dan Brown. It has been characterized as anything from the most influential secret society in Western history to a modern Rosicrucian-esque ludibrium, but, ultimately, has been shown to be a hoax created in 1956 by Pierre Plantard, a pretender to the French throne.
Priory School (Hitchin) The Priory School is a mixed comprehensive school in Hitchin, Hertfordshire teaching pupils between the ages of 11 and 18. It shares sixth form teaching with Hitchin Boys School and Hitchin Girls School in a consortium agreement.
Priozersk Priozersk (, ; ) is a town on the Karelian Isthmus, in Leningrad Oblast, Russia, centered on an island at the southwestern shore of Lake Ladoga, at the estuary of the northern armlet of River Vuoksi. The site has historically been the center for the Karelians of the Karelian Isthmus; and from time to time been the northwestern outpost of the realm of the Russians or the eastern outpost of the realm of the Swedes.
Pripri Scat "Pripri Scat" ("プリプリ・スキャット") is one of several Scatman John singles released exclusively in Japan, and only as a 3-inch disc. The song was recorded as a tie-in to a Japanese pudding TV commercial, but this is not particularly evident in the lyrics which explore his usual themes of love and paradise.
Priscileo Species in the genus Priscileo were the most primitive of Thylacoleonidae and were found in South Australia and Queensland. It was about the size of a possum and was less powerful than the other marsupial lions.
Priscilla Bertie, 21st Baroness Willoughby de Eresby Priscilla Barbara Elizabeth Bertie, 21st Baroness Willoughby de Eresby (16 February 1761–29 December 1828) was a daughter of the 3rd Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven. On 23 February 1779, she married Sir Peter Burrell (later 1st Baron Gwydyr) and they later had two children.
Priscilla Cooper Tyler Elizabeth Priscilla Cooper Tyler (June 14, 1816 – December 29, 1889) was the daughter in law of John Tyler, the tenth President of the United States (John Tyler had 3 first ladies). She served as official White House hostess and unofficial First Lady of the United States from September 10, 1842 to June 26, 1844.
Priscilla Garita Priscilla Garita (born March 15, 1968 in New York) is an American actress. She is best known for playing the role of Gabriella "Gabi" Martinez on the now-defunct NBC soap Sunset Beach for the show's entire run from January 1997 to December 1999.
Priscillian Priscillian of Ávila (died 385), a theologian from Roman Hispania (the Iberian Peninsula), was the first person in the history of Christianity to be executed for heresy (though the civil charges were for the practice of magic). He founded an ascetic group that, in spite of persecution, continued to subsist in Hispania and Gaul until the later 6th century.

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