Encyclopedia

Priscillianism Priscillianism is a Christian doctrine develloped in the Iberian Peninsula (the Roman Hispania) in the 4th century by Priscillian, derived from the Gnostic-Manichaean doctrines taught by Marcus, an Egyptian from Memphis, and later considered a heresy by the mainstream church.
Priscillo Diniz Priscillo Diniz (born 12 December 1948 in SĂŁo Paulo) is a Brazilian golfer. He comes from a family which boasts several other professional golfers, including his grandfather, but he didn't turn professional himself until the age of twenty eight, having previously been a practicing lawyer.
Prism (band) Prism is a Canadian rock band formed in Vancouver in 1976. It has had a variety of lineups, including Ron Tabak (vocals), Lindsay Mitchell (guitar), Al Harlow (bass), Rodney Higgs (drums) and John Hall (keyboards).
Prism (fictional planet) Prism is a fictional planet created by Alan Dean Foster in which in addition to carbon based life forms, silicon based life forms also abound. There are a number of intelligent species on the planet, but the book which introduces the planet, Sentenced to Prism, only deals with one group, known as the Associative.
Prism compressor A prism compressor is an optical device used to shorten the duration of ultrashort laser pulses by giving different wavelength components a different time delay. It typically consists of two prisms and a mirror.
Prism coupler Prism coupler instruments are used to measure the refractive index/birefringence and thickness of dielectric and polymer films. Since refractive indices of a material depend upon the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation transmitted, a monochromatic laser is used in conjunction with a prism of known refractive index.
Prism magazine (New Zealand) Prism magazine is a small-scale New Zealand magazine intended to encourage quality, creativity and localness. Its founders are Christians, and one of their goals is to show in a compelling way how Christ shapes their life and writing.
Prism paralleloscope A prism paralleloscope is an item of kit used by artillery units as a gun aiming point when laying a gun for firing in the indirect fire mode. It is a long mirror aligned horizontally (to move in line with the guns dial sight) without parallax errors.
Prismacolor Prismacolor is a brand of professional artists'originated by the Berol corporation, and now manufactured by Sanford (makers of Sharpie markers). Among the items in the Prismacolor line are colored pencils, art stix, pastels, and alcohol-based permanent art markers.
Prismane C8 Prismane C8 is a metastable carbon isomer of the formula C8. It consists of an atomic cluster of eight carbon atoms, with the shape of a six-atom triangular prism with two excess atoms above and below its bases.
Prismatic In geology and petrology, prismatic, or sometimes just called "prism", refers to a usually long, narrow, wedge-shaped sedimentary body with a width to thickness ratio greater than 5 to 1 but less than 50 to 1, and a length 1.5 to 3 times its width.
Prismatic surface A prismatic surface is a surface generated by all the lines that are parallel to a given line and intersect a broken line that is not in the same plane as the given line. The broken line is the directrix of the surface; the parallel lines are its generators (or elements).
Prismaticism Prismaticism is a creative style which focuses heavily on symmetric aspects including; color, the classical elements, astrological signs and other concepts. Primarily found in fantasy gaming, prismaticism is practiced in order to achieve a sense of balance which lends itself to a game's playability.
Prismtel PrismTel are pioneers in the Call Center Industry of Pakistan, and has built IT Infrastructure for the major Call Centers in Pakistan. Rapid growth was achieved due to their ability to integrate state of the art Dialler Technology thus leveraging it’s capabilities to exceed industry standards.
Priso a Doo Priso a Doo, also know as Preshaw, Preese, and possibly Peter, was a Duala ruler who lived on the Wouri River of the Cameroons in the late 18th century. His violent behaviour lost him his birthright and catalysed the split of the Duala people into rival Bell and Akwa sublineages.
Prison A prison, penitentiary, or correctional facility is a place in which individuals are physically confined or interned and usually deprived of a range of personal freedoms. Prisons are conventionally institutions which form part of the criminal justice system of a country, such that imprisonment or incarceration is a legal penalty that may be imposed by the state for the commission of a crime.
Prison 209 Prison 209 (in Persian: بازداشتگاه ۲۰۹) is an unofficial and sercret detention centre in Tehran, Iran, and operates under the administration of the VEVAK (Islamic Republic of Iran's Secret Service). Like other covert detention centres such as Prison 59 and Evin Prison, prisoners are interrogated, in many cases tortured, held without charges, and subjected to solitary confinement.
Prison 59 Prison 59 (in Persian: بازداشتگاه ۵۹) is an unofficial detention centre on Vali-e Asr Avenue in Tehran, Iran, under the administration of the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps. Like other covert detention centres such as Towhid Prison and Amaken, prisoners here are held without charge and subjected to solitary confinement.
Prison abolition movement The aim of the prison abolition movement is to eliminate prisons, jails, immigration detention centers, and prisoner of war camps by alternatives which they argue are more useful and more humane. Prison abolitionists present a broad critique of the criminal justice system in the West, which they feel is racist, classist, and ineffectual at “reforming” criminals, decreasing crime, or reconciling the victims of crime.
Prison Break: Proof of Innocence Prison Break: Proof of Innocence is a low-budget spinoff series of the American television series, Prison Break. Made exclusively for mobile phones, its first mobisode became available on the internet for viewing on 8 May 2006.
Prison categories (UK) In the United Kingdom, prisons and their inmates are grouped into four categories - A, B, C and D - according to the level of threat posed by the prisoners, the level of supervision they require and their likelihood of attempting escape.
Prison farm A prison farm is a large correctional facility where hard labor convicts are put to economical use in a 'farm' (in the wide sense of a productive unit), usually for manual labour, largely in open air, such as in agriculture, logging, quarrying, etc. Its historical equivalent on a very large scale was called a penal colony.
Prison handball Handball is a popular sport in many north american prisons, typically it is a simplified version of American Handball. The popularity of handball in prisons can likely be attributed to its ease of play (requiring only 2 or 4 players to start a game), availability of suitable areas to play (Prison courtyards almost always include at least one brick or cement wall to play off) and the low cost of the racquetteball required to play (Often supplied by the institution).
Prison History 1840s Institutional reform: Dorothea Dix - successful in publicizing the inhumane conditions in institutions, such as prisons and asylums, and in lobbying for corrective measures and minimum standards. Didn't take effect until about 75 years later (This is when minimum standards in prisons, etc.
Prison nursery A prison nursery is a section of a prison that houses incarcerated mothers and their child. Prison nurseries are not common in correctional facilities in the United States today, although prior to the 1950’s many states had them and they are widespread throughout the rest of world.
Prison on Fire Prison on Fire (Simplified Chinese: 监狱风云, Gaam yuk fung wan, pinyin: Jiān yù fēng yún) is a 1987 Hong Kong action/prison movie directed by Ringo Lam and starring Chow Yun-Fat. A sequel Prison on Fire II was released in 1991.
Prison riot A prison riot is a riot that occurs in a prison, usually when those incarcerated rebel openly against correctional officials. It is usually instigated by prisoners who claim that the administration are degrading them, either by direct physical, or psychological force.
Prison Radio Prison Radio is a project of The Redwood Justice Fund which is a nonprofit organization dedicated to the defense of the environment and of civil and human rights secured by law. Established by Judi Bari in 1994, the foundation embraces a wide array of environmental and social justice projects including:
Prison Rape Elimination Act of 2003 The Prison Rape Elimination Act of 2003 (PREA) is the first United States federal law passed dealing with assault of prisoners, requiring "the gathering of national statistics about the problem; the development of guidelines for states about how to address prisoner rape; the creation of a review panel to hold annual hearings; and the provision of grants to states to combat the problem." It was partly a response to a Human Rights Watch] report on [[prison rape in U.
Prison Reform Trust The Prison Reform Trust (PRT) was founded in 1981 in London, England by a small group of prison reform campaigners who were unhappy with the direction in which the Howard League for Penal Reform was heading, concentrating more on community punishments than on traditional prison reform issues. Founding members included the late Sir Monty Finniston and Veronica Linklater.
Prison Register In the UK prison registers were kept from 1805-1892 (in London records were first kept in 1791). They list the place of birth and given name of the inmate, along with his any evidence of identity (such as distinguishing marks) and place of residence, while some also include marital status, religion and number of children.
Prison security categories in the United Kingdom There are four prison security categories in the United Kingdom used to classify every adult prisoner for the purposes of assigning them to a prison. The categories are based upon the severity of the crime and the risk posed should the person escape.
Prison sexuality Prison sexuality deals with sexual relationships between confined individuals. Since prisons are separated by sex, acts are usually conducted with a same-sex partner, often in contradiction to a person's normal social sexual orientation.
Prison Ship Martyrs' Monument The Prison Ship Martyrs' Monument is erected in Fort Greene Park, in the New York City borough of Brooklyn, consisting of a 100-foot-wide granite staircase and a central Doric column 149 feet in height. It was designed by renowned architect Stanford White (1853–1906).
Prison Song (song) "Prison Song" is the opening track to System of a Down's 2001 album Toxicity. Written by Serj Tankian and Daron Malakian, the song deals with various injustices within the United States prison system.
Prison-industrial complex The prison-industrial complex refers to interest groups that represent organizations that do business in correctional facilities, such as prison guard unions, construction companies, and surveillance technology vendors, who some people believe are more concerned with making more money than actually rehabilitating criminals or reducing crime rates. Additionally, some prisons provide free or low-cost labor for state or municipal governments as well as jobs for union members, which can be seen as another profitable side-benefit born from building and maintaining a large prison system.
Prisoner in the Vatican A prisoner in the Vatican is what Pope Pius IX claimed to be after the army of the Kingdom of Italy entered Rome (September 20 1870), as a component of Italian unification, and ending the millennial temporal rule of the popes over central Italy. The appellation is also applied to his successors through to Pope Pius XI.
Prisoner of conscience Prisoner of conscience (POC) is a term coined by the human rights pressure group Amnesty International in the early 1960s. It refers to anyone imprisoned because of their race, religion, color, language, sexual orientation, or belief, so long as they have not advocated violence.
Prisoner of the Caucasus Prisoner of the Caucasus (Кавказский пленник in Cyrillic, Kavkazskij plennik in transliteration) is an opera in three acts, composed by César Cui. The libretto is credited to Viktor Aleksandrovich Krylov, and is based on Pushkin's poem of the same name.
Prisoner Overseas Prisoner was the first late night Australian soap opera purchased in the UK where it was billed as Prisoner: Cell Block H (to avoid confusion with the other well-known British series, The Prisoner, although it always remained as simply Prisoner on-screen) on ITV from the mid/late 1980s until the mid 1990s (depending which region you lived in). It achieved enduring success there despite much negative criticism from reviewers, and the fact that the series never received a network screening on ITV.
Prisoner's cinema The Prisoner's Cinema is a phenomenon reported by prisoners confined to dark cells and others kept in darkness, voluntarily or not, for long periods of time. It has also been reported by truck drivers, pilots, and practitioners of intense meditation.
Prisoner-of-war camp A prisoner-of-war camp is a site for the containment of persons captured by the enemy in time of war. A prisoner of war is generally a soldier, sailor, or airman who is imprisoned by an enemy power during or immediately after an armed conflict.
Prisoners in the American Revolutionary War During the American Revolutionary War (1775-1783) the management and treatment of prisoners of war was very different from the standards of modern warfare. Modern standards, as outlined in the Geneva Conventions, expect captives to be held and cared for by their captors.
Prisoners of Love (Danny Phantom) "Prisoners of Love" is the eighth episode in the TV-series Danny Phantom. Danny gets caught by law enforcer ghost Walker in the ghost zone and sentence to spend 1000 years in prison alongside with his old foes, all the while facing the possibility of his parents divourcing!
Prisoners of Power Prisoners of Power also known as Inhabited Island (Russian: Обитаемый остров, Obitaemyi ostrov ) is a science fiction novel written by Russian science fiction authors Arkady and Boris Strugatsky. Originally it was published in 1971, after modifications by Soviet censors to remove possible allusions to the Soviet Union.
Prisoners of the Sun Prisoners of the Sun (Le Temple du Soleil) is the fourteenth of The Adventures of Tintin, a series of classic comic-strip albums, written and illustrated by Belgian writer and illustrator Hergé, featuring young reporter Tintin as a hero.
Prisoners of the Sun (video game) Prisoners of the Sun is a video game, loosely based on The Seven Crystal Balls and Prisoners of the Sun comic books from the series The Adventures of Tintin, written and drawn by Hergé. It was released for the Super NES, PC, and Game Boy Color by the late 1997 and 2001.
Prisoners' Earnings Act 1996 The Prisoners' Earnings Act 1996 is an Act of Parliament of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The purpose of the Act was to allow the British Government to apply deductions and levies on the earnings of prisoners in respect of work carried by the prisoner during his period of detention.
Prisoners' rights The movement for prisoners' rights is based on the principle that prisoners, even though they are deprived of liberty, are still entitled to basic human rights. Advocates for prisoners' rights argue that they are often deprived of very basic human rights, with the cooperation of the prison authorities.
Prisons and Probation Ombudsman The Prisons and Probation Ombudsman for England and Wales is an independent body appointed by the Home Secretary to investigate complaints from prisoners and those subject to probation supervision, or those upon whom reports have been written. The organisation is also responsible for investigating all deaths of prisoners and residents of probation hostels and immigration detention accommodation.
Prisons in Germany The prison service in Germany is run solely by the federal states although governed by a federal law. The aim of confinement in Germany is two-fold: emphasis is placed on enabling prisoners to lead a life of “social responsibility free of crime” upon release, but society is also to be protected from further acts of crime by the guilty.
Prisons in the United States Prisons in the United States are operated by the Federal government, as well as by each of the state governments. Incarceration is one of the main forms of punishment for the commission of felony offenses in the United States.
Pristane Pristane is a natural saturated terpenoid alkane obtained primarily from shark liver oil. It is a transparent oily liquid that is immiscible with water, but soluble in diethyl ether, benzene, chloroform and carbon tetrachloride.
Pristanic acid Pristanic acid (2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecanoic acid) is a terpenoid acid present at micromolar concentrations in the blood plasma of healthy individuals. It is also found in the lipids from many sources such as freshwater sponges, krill, earthworms, whales, human milk fat, bovine depot fat, butterfat or Californian petroleum.
Pristerognathus Assemblage Zone The Pristerognathus Assemblage Zone is a geological stratum and a faunal zone of the Beaufort Group, of the South African Karoo. The name refers to Pristerognathus, a genus of Therocephalian mammal-like reptile, whose fossils have been found in that structure.
Pristinamycin Pristinamycin (INN), also spelt pristinamycine, is an antibiotic used primarily in the treatment of staphylococcal infections, and to a lesser extent streptococcal infections. It is a streptogramin group antibiotic, similar to virginiamycin, derived from the bacterium Streptomyces pristina spiralis.
Priston Tale Priston Tale is a 3D fantasy MMORPG that centers on fast-paced point and click monster fighting (much like Diablo II or Ragnarok Online). The game, which originated in South Korea, was initially developed for the local market.
Priszm Priszm LP, a limited partnership, is a Canadian fast food restaurant operator, based in Toronto. Priszm was formerly known as KIT LP (as in "KFC Income Trust") and is the successor to Priszm Brandz LP and Scott's Restaurants Inc.
Prithvi Raj Abasthi Prithvi Raj Abashti is a Nepalese politician, belonging to the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist). He contested the Baitadi-1 constituency as a CPN(UML) candidate in the 1999 legislative election and the 1994 election.
Prithviraj Kapoor Prithviraj Kapoor (Hindi: पृथ्वीराज कपूर, (3 November 1906 - 29 May 1972) was a noted pioneer of Indian theater and of the Hindi film industry. He was also the patriarch of the Kapoor family of Hindi films, four generations of which family, beginning with him, have played active roles in Bollywood.
Pritchardia The genus Pritchardia (Family Arecaceae) consists of between 24-40 species of fan palms (Arecaceae tribe Corypheae) found on tropical Pacific Ocean islands in Fiji, Samoa, Tonga, Tuamotus, and Hawai‘i. These are large palms typically reaching heights of 30 or 40 m.
Pritchardia limahuliensis Pritchardia limahuliensis is a palm native to Hawaii. It is a rare species, only discovered in 1977 by staff of the National Tropical Botanical Garden in the Limahuli Garden and Preserve, Kauai, Hawaii, where it is now being conserved.
Pritchardia remota Pritchardia remota (Nihoa Pritchardia or Nihoa Fan Palm) is a species of palm endemic on the island of Nihoa, Hawaii. It is a smaller tree than most other species of Pritchardia, typically reaching only 4-5 m tall and with a trunk diameter of 15 cm.
Pritchardia viscosa Pritchardia viscosa (Lo'ulu or Stickybud Pritchardia) is an extremely rare endangered species of Pritchardia palm known only in the Kalihiwai Valley on the Hawaiian island of Kauai, where it grows at 400-700 m altitude.
Pritilata Waddedar Pritilata Waddedar (Bangla: প্রীতিলতা ওয়াদ্দেদার) was an anti-British pro-India revolutionary in East Bengal, (then part of Province of Bengal in pre-independence India), now in Bangladesh.
Privacy Privacy is the ability of an individual or group to keep their lives and personal affairs out of public view, or to control the flow of information about themselves. Privacy is sometimes related to anonymity although it is often most highly valued by people who are publicly known.
Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board The Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board is an advisory body to assist the President of the United States and other senior executive branch officials in ensuring that concerns with respect to privacy and civil liberties are appropriately considered in the implementation of all laws, regulations, and executive branch policies related to war against terrorism.
Privacy and Electronic Communications (EC Directive) Regulations 2003 The Privacy and Electronic Communications (EC Directive) Regulations 2003 is a law in the United Kingdom which make it unlawful to transmit an automated recorded message for direct marketing purposes via a telephone, without prior consent of the subscriber.
Privacy policy A privacy policy is a disclaimer placed on a website informing users about how the website deals with a user's personal information. The privacy policy generally contains information regarding whether or how their information is shared with parent companies, subsidiaries, or third parties.
Privacy software Privacy software is software built to protect the privacy of its users. The software typically works in conjunction with internet usage to control or limit the amount of information made available to third parties.
Prival Livemont Prival Livemont was a Belgian poster artist who had a hand in pioneering the Art-Nouveau movement in the early 1890s. Livemont's portrayal of women in his posters are his signature - his women are highly stylized and outlined in white, lending them an aura of purity.
Privat Group The Privat Group, or Privatbank Group () is an influential business group in Ukraine grouped around the Privatbank. The group is controlled by the Ukrainian businessmen Henadiy Boholyubov, Oleksiy Martynov, and Ihor Kolomoysky (the latter being the leading partner, best known to public).
Privatbanen Sønderjylland Privatbanen Sønderjylland ApS (abbreviated PBS, also known under the byname EuroRail) was a Danish railway operating company that existed between 1997 and 2001. Unlike other Danish railway companies at the time, PBS was an attempt to provide railway service on a purely commercial basis and entirely unsubsidised.
Privatbank PrivatBank () is one of the largest commercial banks in Ukraine, based in the city of Dnipropetrovsk. The bank is equally owned by the Ukrainian businessmen of Jewish descent Ihor Kolomoyskyi and Henadiy Boholubov, posing the financial and management core of their Privat business group.
Private (film) Private is a 2004 film directed by Saverio Costanzo. A debut film by the director, the film is a minimalist psychological drama about a Palestinian family of seven suddenly confronted with a volatile situation in their home that in many ways reflects the larger ongoing conflict between Palestinians and Israel.
Private (rank) A Private is a soldier of the lowest military rank (equivalent to Nato Rank Grades OR-1 to OR-3 depending on the force served in). The term dates from the Middle Ages, where privates were known as "private soldiers" (a term used well into the 20th century) who were either hired, conscripted, or feudalized into service by a nobleman forming an army.
Private banking Private banking is done by major institutional banks known as private banks, which offer financial services to private individuals. These banks would normally have two distinct divisions - private banking, and corporate banking.
Private bill A private bill is an act considered or acted upon by a legislature that helps a single individual, group of individuals, or corporate entity, by affording relief from another law, granting a unique benefit, or relieving the individual from legal responsibility for some allegedly wrongful act. Private bills developed in the United Kingdom as a means of obtaining redress from a specific wrong or obtaining a benefit that was not otherwise available through statute or the common law.
Private brand Private branding is when a large distribution channel member (usually a retailer), buys from a manufacturer in bulk and puts its own name on the product. This strategy is only practical when the retailer does very high levels of volume.
Private branch exchange A Private Branch eXchange (also called PBX, Private Business eXchange or PABX for Private Automatic Branch eXchange) is a telephone exchange that serves a particular business or office, as opposed to one a common carrier or telephone company operates for many businesses or for the general public.
Private Benjamin Private Benjamin is a 1980 comedy film which tells the story of Judy, a wealthy Jewish woman, who joins the army when her new husband dies on their wedding night. Although she becomes involved with another well-to-do doctor and almost marries him, life in the army helps Judy develop self-confidence and she decides to live independently.
Private Bin The Private Bin was a popular nightclub during the 1980s and 1990s in Canberra, Australia frequented often by rugby players and soldiers. The club was located on Northbourne Avenue, in Civic in the Sydney building.
Private cancellation Private cancellations are cancellations of postage stamps, or, in some cases, artistamps, applied by other than a government or other official stamp-issuing entity. Private cancellations are often applied by local posts to their stamps (there are frequently first day of issues of these).
Private candidate A private candidate in the UK examination system is a person who enters an examination but is not enrolled as a student at the centre (school or college) where he or she sits the exam. They may have trained themselves for the exam or been taught privately or at an institution which is not a registered examination centre.
Private carrier A private carrier provides transportation or delivery of goods or services for a single entity, often a corporation; usually that entity's primary business is not transportation but rather something else. For example, the Wegmans grocery store chain owns and operates their own private fleet to deliver produce and goods to their stores; Wegmans' primary business is not transportation but grocery retail; therefore the Wegmans fleet is a private carrier.
Private collection A private collection is a privately owned collection of works, usually a collection of art. It signifies that piece of art in a museum is not actually owned by that museum, but is on loan from an independent source, usually an art collector.
Private company limited by shares A private company limited by shares is a type of company incorporated under the law of England or that of certain Commonwealth countries or the Republic of Ireland. It has shareholders with limited liability and its shares may not be offered to the general public.
Private copying levy A private copying levy (also known as blank media tax or levy) is a government-mandated scheme in which a special tax or levy (additional to any general sales tax) is charged on purchases of recordable media. Such taxes are in place in various countries and the income is typically allocated to the developers of "content".
Private Career Training Institutions Agency The Private Career Training Institutions Agency (PCTIA) is the provincial regulatory body of British Columbia, Canada responsible for accrediting private post-secondary institutions and ensuring minimum standards of quality and consumer protection. Accreditation by the PCTIA qualifies an institution to participate in provincial and federal financial assistance programs, but does not certify that an institution's courses are transferable to other institutions.
Private defense agency A private defense agency (PDA) is a hypothetical agency that provides defense voluntarily through the free market. A PDA is not subsidised through obligatory taxation and does not rely on conscription and other intrusive means of support.
Private Dean "Friar" Winchell Private Dean Winchell is a fictional person from Gearbox Software's Brothers in Arms series. Winchell is a secondary person in Brothers in Arms: Earned in Blood and, supposedly, in Brothers in Arms: Hell's Highway.
Private enterprise in Japan The engine of Japanese economic growth has been private initiative and enterprise, together with strong support and guidance from the government and from labor. The most numerous enterprises were single proprietorships, of which there were more than 4 million in the late 1980s.
Private equity Private equity is a broad term that refers to any type of equity investment in an asset in which the equity is not freely tradable on a public stock market. Passive institutional investors may invest in private equity funds, which are in turn used by private equity firms for investment in target companies.
Private equity fund A fund that buys majority stakes in companies and/or entire business units to restructure its capital, management and organization. Usually the targets are delisted (unless already unlisted), held private and restructured over a period of 3-7 years, and then again listed through an IPO.
Private Equity Analyst Private Equity Analyst is a newsletter that since 1988 has provided news and information about the private-equity market and its investment specialities, including venture capital, leveraged buyouts, mezzanine investing and turnarounds.
Private Express Statutes The Private Express Statutes (or PES) are a group of United States federal civil and criminal laws placing various restrictions on the carriage and delivery of letters by all organizations other than the United States Postal Service.
Private Finance Initiative The Private Finance Initiative specifies a method, developed initially by the United Kingdom government, to provide financial support for "Public-Private Partnerships" (PPPs) between the public and private sectors. This has now been adopted by parts of Canada, France, the Netherlands, Portugal, Ireland, Norway, Finland, Australia, Japan, the United States (reference the Trans Texas Corridor highway development project and Singapore (amongst others) as part of a wider reform program for the delivery of public services which is driven by the WTO], [[IMF & World Bank as a part of their 'deregulation' and privatization drive.
Private Gladiator "The Private Gladiator" is a pornographic trilogy ("Private Gladiator", "Private Gladiator: In the City of Lust" and "Private Gladiator: Sexual Conquest," length 115 minutes), one of the most expensive in the world of its genre. Also, unlike most adult films based on mainstream films, it is not a parody, but rather a straight-forward remake of Ridley Scott's 2000 film Gladiator.
Private highway A private highway is a highway owned and operated for profit by private industry. Private highways have been constructed all over Europe; in addition, a few have been built in the United States on an experimental basis.
Private housing estate A Private housing estate () is a housing estate developed by a private developer in Hong Kong, as opposed to a public housing estate built by the Hong Kong Housing Authority or the Hong Kong Housing Society. It usually is characterised with a cluster of high-rise buildings with a shopping centre or market of its own.

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