Encyclopedia

Private Hell 36 Private Hell 36 is a 1954 black-and-white film considered film noir. The film, directed by Don Siegel, was one of the last feature-length efforts by Filmmakers, a company created by producer Collier Young and his star and then-wife Ida Lupino.
Private intelligence agencies A Private Intelligence Agency is a private sector (non-governmental) organization devoted to the collection and analysis of information, most commonly through the evaluation of public sources (HUMINT) and cooperation with other institutions. Some private agencies make their services available to governments as well as individual consumers; however, most of these agencies sell their services to large cooperations with an interest or investment in the category (e.
Private investment capital subscription A private investment capital subscription, commonly referred to as PICS, is a financial tool that relies on a small pool of investors’ money for real estate investments. The money managers of private investment capital subscriptions or PICS are experienced real estate investment experts, who also invest in related real estate products such as tax lien certificates, foreclosures, notes, as well as development projects on behalf of their subscribers and themselves.
Private investment in public equity A private investment in public equity, often called a PIPE deal, involves the selling of publicly traded shares to private investors, rather than to the public through an offering registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission. PIPE transactions are typically undertaken by smaller public companies.
Private Investigations "Private Investigations" is a popular song by Dire Straits from their album Love over Gold. Although it was not released as a single in the US, it reached #2 in the UK, and is one of their biggest chart successes there, on par with "Walk of Life", though the latter is considered 'catchier', as it also became a "Top 10" single in the US.
Private Joe Walker Private Joe Walker is a fictional black market spiv (or Wholesales Supplier, as he politely puts it) and Home Guard platoon member portrayed by actor James Beck on the BBC television sitcom Dad's Army. James Beck died in 1973, and thus is featured in just under three-quarters of the episodes.
Private Joy "Private Joy" is a single by American singer La Toya Jackson, and is taken from her 1984 album Heart Don't Lie. The song is a cover of Prince's 1981 track of the same name, taken from his album Controversy.
Private kitchen Private kitchen (私房菜) is a term in Hong Kong referring to an unlicensed, restaurant-like establishment for eating. Some of the perceived problems with running a restaurant in Hong Kong—high rents and the common practice of landlords extracting profits from restaurants through clauses in tenancy agreements—have led to the establishment of this type of eatery.
Private label Private label products or services are typically those manufactured or provided by one company for offer under another company's brand. Private label goods and services are available in a wide range of industries from food to cosmetics to web hosting.
Private language argument The private language argument is a philosophical argument said to be found in Ludwig Wittgenstein's later work, especially in Philosophical Investigations. The argument was central to philosophical discussion at the end of the last century, and continues to arouse interest.
Private law Private law is that part of a legal system which is part of the jus commune that involves relationships between individuals, such as the law of contracts or torts, as it is called in the common law, and the law of obligations as it is called in civilian legal systems. It is to be distinguished from public law, which deals with relationships between natural and artificial persons (i.
Private letter ruling Private letter rulings are written decisions by the Internal Revenue Service in response to taxpayer's failure to pay taxes. Some private letter rulings are published as a public Revenue ruling; however, most are only available to the public through IRS disclosure procedures.
Private library A private library is a library held by a private owner or owners rather than by a public institution, usually only for the use of a small number of people or one person. As with public libraries, some people use stamps, stickers, or embossers to show ownership of the items.
Private line In telephony, a private line is a service that involves dedicated circuits, private switching arrangements, and/or predefined transmission paths, whether virtual or physical, which provide communications between specific locations.
Private military company A Private Military Company (PMC) is a for-profit enterprise, sometimes a corporation or a limited liability partnership, which provides specialized services and expertise related to activites formerly associated with the state. The services and expertise include defense functions, military training, force protection, and security tasks.
Private militias in Iraq Private militias in Iraq include those known from modern history such the Mahdi Army and Badr Organization as well as some that have emerged in the post-Saddam period such as the Facilities Protection Service. The term "militias" refers to armed groups that fight on behalf of or as part of the Shiite-dominated Iraqi government, rather than Sunni groups that fight against the government and are generally referred to as "insurgents.
Private Member's Bill A Private Member's Bill is a proposed law introduced by a backbench member of parliament, whether from the government or the opposition side, to that legislature or parliament. In most parliaments within the Westminster System of parliamentary democracy, the overwhelming majority of bills introduced are proposed by members of the Cabinet.
Private Music Private Music is a record label founded in 1984 by Peter Baumann who had ended a solo career with a minor dance floor hit "Strangers in the Night" (under Baumann). The concept of the Private Music was to have artists do music that they would not normally do, such as experimental and new age.
Private network In Internet terminology, a private network is a network that uses RFC 1918 IP address space. Computers may be allocated addresses from this address space when it is necessary for them to communicate with other computing devices on an internal (non-Internet) network but not directly with the Internet.
Private overprint Private overprints, in philately, are overprints (pictures, text, or a combination of the two), usually rubberstamped though occasionally applied by some other method, to postage stamps (or, occasionally, postal stationery) used by some person or entity other than a government or other official stamp-issuing entity. It is important to distinguish between privately overprinted stamps and postal stationery thus intended, and attempts to counterfeit official overprints; it is also important to distinguish between private overprints and private cancellations.
Private press Private press is a term used in the field of book collecting to describe a printing press operated as a personal hobby, rather than as a purely commercial venture. The term is also used in the record collecting field to describe records released in small runs by individuals, as opposed to records released by record labels.
Private Parts (book) Private Parts (ISBN 0-671-88016-0) is the autobiography of radio personality and shock jock, Howard Stern. It was published in 1993 by Simon & Schuster and became the fastest-selling book in the company's history.
Private Parts and Pieces Private Parts and Pieces is officially the fourth (though technically the third) solo album from guitarist Anthony Phillips. Unlike his previous releases, this one was assembled as a collection of instrumental music, rather than as an explicit attempt at a commercial album.
Private Parts and Pieces II: Back to the Pavilion Private Parts and Pieces II: Back to the Pavilion is the second "generic" album by Anthony Phillips. The album is composed of previously recorded pieces that had been parts of or intended for other projects.
Private Parts and Pieces IV: A Catch at the Tables Private Parts and Pieces IV: A Catch at the Tables is an album by Anthony Phillips, released by Passport Records in April 1984. Like the first two albums in the "Private Parts and Pieces" series, the tracks on A Catch at the Tables were a collection of experiments, improvisations, and music written for other projects.
Private Peaceful - Michael Murpurgo Private Peaceful by Michael Murpurgo is about a young man named Tommo Peaceful. The book is a collection of memories from the past and each chapter is set a little closer to the present, which in the story is during WW1.
Private Pilot A Private Pilot is the holder of a Private Pilot Licence. They are able to fly to almost anywhere in the world, but are limited in the aircraft that they can fly and the number of passengers they can fly with (usually restricted to 10).
Private Pilot License A Private Pilot License (or, in the United States, a certificate) permits the holder to operate an aircraft, initially only under visual flight rules. In most countries, a private pilot possessing an instrument rating may also conduct flights under instrument flight rules.
Private Product Remaining Private Product Remaining or PPR is a means of national income accounting similar to the more commonly encountered GNP that provides a more accurate assessment. Since government is financed through taxation and any resulting output is not (usually) sold on the market, there's no way to place a meaningful value on it (see Socialist calculation problem), and yet it is counted in GNP.
Private railroad car The private railroad car or private railway coach was a privately owned passenger car that would be added to the make-up of a train for the ultra-rich of the nineteenth century to ride in splendid upholstered privacy. The railroad barons like Leland Stanford had their private cars.
Private rented sector The Private Rented Sector is a classification of UK housing tenure as described by the Department for Communities and Local Government, a UK government department that has amongst its remit the monitoring of the UK housing stock.
Private revelation In the teaching of the Catholic Church, a private revelation is a particular revelation to a specific Christian. Beliefs in such revelations is not obligatory for Catholics; only belief in universal or public revelations, which are contained in the Bible or in the depositum of Apostolic tradition transmitted by the Church, are obligatory.
Private road A private road is a road owned and maintained by a private individual, organization, or company rather than by a government. Consequently, unauthorized use of the road may be considered trespassing, and some of the usual rules of the road may not apply.
Private Religious Investigator Private Religious Investigator is a term associated with Spy Magazine, a periodical for "Private Religious Investigators" (PRI's). It is associated with two Presbyterian ministers, the Rev Rayburn Cameron-Smith, an author of adventure books, and the Rev Dr Benno Alexander Zuiddam.
Private screening (film) A Private screening is when a commercially made film is shown to a group of people in somewhere other than one of their homes, the legality's can be complex, as the rules and regulation vary from country to country.
Private sector The private sector of a nation's economy consists of all that is outside the state. It includes a variety of entities such as for-profit and non-profit enterprises, corporations, banks (other than central banks), any other non-governmental organizations, as well as individuals not employed by the state.
Private sector development Private Sector Development (PSD) is a strategy for promoting economic growth and reducing poverty in developing countries by incorporating private industry and competitive markets into a country’s overall development framework.
Private school Private schools, or independent schools, are schools not administered by local, state, or national government, which retain the right to select their student body and are funded in whole or in part by charging their students tuition rather than with public (state) funds. In the United Kingdom and some other Commonwealth countries the use of the term is generally restricted to primary and secondary educational levels: it is almost never used of universities or other tertiary institutions.
Private Secretary (TV series) Private Secretary was an American comedy television series that aired for 103 episodes from February, 1953 to September 10, 1957 on CBS. The series starred Ann Sothern as Susie McNamara, devoted secretary to handsome talent agent Peter Sands played by Don Porter.
Private Secretary to the Sovereign The Private Secretary to the Sovereign is the senior operational member of the Royal Household of the Sovereign of the United Kingdom, as distinct from the Great Officers of the Household. The Private Secretary acts as a channel of communications with the Government, organises the official programme of the Sovereign, deals with the Sovereign's official correspondence.
Private Securities Litigation Reform Act The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (PSLRA) implemented several significant substantive changes affecting certain cases brought under the federal securities laws, including changes related to pleading, discovery, liability, class representation and awards fees and expenses.
Private Snafu Private Snafu is the title character of a series of black-and-white American instructional cartoon shorts produced between 1943 and 1945 during World War II. The character was created by director Frank Capra, chairman of the U.
Private Stock Records Private Stock was a record label which was started in 1974 by Larry Uttal after he was ousted from Bell Records. The label had huge hits with singles by David Soul from Starsky and Hutch ("Don't Give Up on Us"), Starbuck ("Moonlight Feels Right"), Austin Roberts ("Rocky"), Samantha Sang ("Emotion"), Walter Murphy and the Big Apple Band ("A Fifth of Beethoven"), and Frankie Valli/Four Seasons ("My Eyes Adored You").
Private Terms Stakes The Private Terms Stakes is a race for thoroughbred horses held in late March at Laurel Park in Maryland. The ungraded stakes is open to three-year-olds willing to race one mile on the dirt and offers a purse of $85,000.
Private Trains (domino game) Domino Trains is a simple game, which can utilize any of the five domino sets, although the larger sets significantly increase the length of the game. The basic gist of Trains is the player must match his/her dominos in numeric sequence.
Private wire Private wire systems are localised electricity grids, that although connected to the local distribution networks have privately owned central plant that produces electricity. This enables it to operate a stand-alone supply in the event of the national grid failing.
Private Wealth Management Traditionally, the wealthiest retail clients of investment firms demanded a greater level of service, product offering and sales personnel than were received by the average clients. With an increase in the number of affluent investors in recent years, there has been an increasing demand for sophisticated financial solutions and expertise throughout the world.
Private Wings Flugcharter Private Wings (Flugcharter) is an airline based at Berlin-Schönefeld International Airport, Germany operating business charter, freight and air ambulance services. It was established and started operations in 1991.
Private Worlds Private Worlds is a 1935 film which tells the story of the staff and patients at a mental hospital, and the chief of the hospital who has problems dealing with a female psychiatrist. It stars Claudette Colbert, Charles Boyer, Joel McCrea and Joan Bennett.
Privateer A privateer was a private ship (or its captain) authorized by a country's government by letters of marque to attack foreign shipping. Strictly, a privateer was only entitled to attack enemy vessels during wartime.
Privately held company The term privately held company refers to ownership of a business company in two different ways—first, referring to ownership by non-governmental organizations; and second, referring to ownership of the company's stock by a relatively small number of holders who do not trade the stock publicly.
Privatised tax collection Privatised tax collection occurs wherever the state passes on its obligation to collect taxes to private companies in return for a fee. This contrasts with tax farming where private individuals or groups pay off the tax debt, and then subsequently recoup that payment by collecting money from the people within a certain area.
Privatism Privatism is a generic term describing any belief that people have a right to the private ownership of certain things. There are many degrees of privatism, from the advocacy of limited private property over specific kinds of items to the advocacy of unrestricted private property over everything.
Privative A privative, named from Latin [privare, at William Whitaker's Words., "to deprive", is a particle, usually a prefix in Indo-European languages, which negates or inverts the value of the stem of the word.
Privatization Privatization (alternately "denationalization" or "disinvestment") is the transfer of property or responsibility from the public sector (government) to the private sector (business). The term can refer to partial or complete transfer of any property or responsibility held by government.
Privet Privet was originally the name for the European semi-evergreen shrub Ligustrum vulgare, and later also for the more reliably evergreen Ligustrum ovalifolium (Japanese privet), used extensively for privacy hedging (hence "privet", private). The term is now used for all members of the genus Ligustrum, which includes about 40-50 species of evergreen, semi-evergreen or deciduous shrubs and small trees, native to Europe, north Africa, Asia and Australasia, with the centre of diversity in China, the Himalaya, Japan and Taiwan.
Privilege A privilege—etymologically "private law" or law relating to a specific individual—is an honour, or permissive activity granted by another person or a government. A privilege is not a right and in some cases can be revoked.
Privilege (album) Privilege is an album by Ivor Cutler, originally released in 1983 on Rough Trade Records. It was produced by David Toop and Steve Beresford, both of whom are better known for their work in ambient music, and unlike Cutler's 1970s recordings it sees Cutler's vocals accompanied by a wide range of musical instruments including keyboards, banjo, euphonium and alto flute.
Privilege (computer science) A privilege in a computer system is a permission to perform an action. Examples of various privileges include the ability to create a file in a directory, or to read or delete a file, access a device, or have read or write permission to a socket for communicating over the Internet.
Privilege bracketing Privilege bracketing is a software security technique in which a program is limited to the rights or privileges it requires to perform a specific task. Privileges are acquired and relinquished as needed, thereby limiting the unintended and potentially malicious consequences of the program segment.
Privilege escalation Privilege escalation is the act of exploiting a bug in an application to gain access to resources which normally would have been protected from an application or user. The result is that the application performs actions with a higher security context than intended by the application developer or system administrator.
Privilege level The concept of privilege level refers to protecting resources on a CPU. Different execution threads can have different privilege levels that grant access to resources such as memory regions, I/O ports, and special instructions.
Privileged Privileged is a 1982 film, the first theatrical release from the Oxford Film Foundation and was Hugh Grant's screen debut. The film is about a group of Oxford student partygoers with elements of a 'whodunnit', it was directed by Michael Hoffman with John Schlesinger, produced by Rick Stevenson and Mark Bentley with a score by Rachel Portman.
Privileged child A privileged child is a child that, like a spoiled brat, is doted upon and given expensive gifts by their parents. However while a spoiled brat becomes selfish, greedy, and arrogant, a privileged child can actually be kind, nice, and friendly.
Privileged motion A privileged motion is a motion in parliamentary procedure that is granted precedence over ordinary business because it concerns matters of great importance or urgency. Such motions are not debatable, although in case of questions of privilege, the chair may feel the need to elicit relevant facts from members.
Privileged pattern In music a privileged pattern is a motive, figure, or chord which is repeated and transposed so that the transpositions form a recognizable pattern. The pattern of transposition may be either by a repeated interval, an interval cycle, or a stepwise line of whole and semitones.
Privileged presses In the United Kingdom, the privileged presses are Cambridge University Press and Oxford University Press. They are called this because, under letters patent issued by the Crown defining their charters, only they have the right to print and publish the Book of Common Prayer and the Authorised Version of the Bible in England, Wales and Northern Ireland.
Privilegium de non appellando From Latin words meaning "privilege of (having the right to) not be appealed". The phrase denotes the status by which a person or an institution is exempted from the jurisdiction of the Imperial Courts in matters of appeal, in which a lower court's decision has its proceedings reviewed by a higher court.
Privilegium Maius The Privilegium Maius was a document forged at the behest of Duke Rudolf IV of Austria (1358-1365), which was essentially a modified version of the Privilegium Minus of 1156, which had elevated Austria to a Duchy. In the Privilegium Maius, Austria was declared an Archduchy and endowed with rights similar to those of the electors of the Holy Roman Empire, such as:
Privilegium Minus The Privilegium Minus (as opposed to the later Privilegium Maius, which was a forgery) is a document issued by Emperor Frederick I on September 17, 1156. It included the elevation of the Margraviate of Austria to a Duchy, which was given as an inheritable fief to the House of Babenberg.
Privina Glava monastery The Privina Glava Monastery (Serbian: Манастир Привина Глава / Manastir Privina Glava) is a Serb Orthodox monastery on the Fruška Gora mountain in the northern Serbian province of Vojvodina. According to legend, Privina Glava was founded by a man named Priva, in the 12th century.
Privoxy Privoxy is a filtering proxy for the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), frequently used in combination with Tor and Squid. Privoxy is a web proxy with advanced filtering capabilities for protecting privacy, filtering web page content, managing cookies, controlling access, and removing ads, banners, pop-ups, etc.
Privy Council Ministry In April 1679, England's government was reformed to place the Ministry under the control of the Privy Council. It followed years of widespread discontent with government, which had been consistently autocratic and clandestine since the Restoration and was now mired in conflict between Parliament and King Charles.
Privy Council of Ireland The Privy Council of Ireland was an institution of the Kingdom of Ireland until 31 December 1800 and of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 1801-1922. It performed a similar role in the government of Ireland to that the Privy Council of the United Kingdom did in the United Kingdom.
Privy Council of Northern Ireland The Privy Council of Northern Ireland was a formal body of advisors to the Sovereign and was a vehicle for the monarch's prerogative powers in the province. It was modelled on the Privy Council of the United Kingdom.
Privy Council Office (Canada) In Canada the Privy Council Office (French: Bureau du Conseil privé) is the secretariat of the federal cabinet and the department of the Prime Minister. It provides non-partisan advice and support to the Prime Minister and leadership, coordination and support to the departments and agencies of the government.
Privy Council Office (United Kingdom) The Privy Council Office provides secretarial and administrative support to the Lord President of the Council in his or her capacity of president of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council. The head of the Office is the Clerk of the Privy Council.
Privy chamber A privy chamber was a private apartment in a royal residence, particularly in England. The gentlemen of the privy chamber were servants to the Crown, who were to wait and attend on the King and Queen at Court, in their various activities and diversions.
Privy mark A privy mark was originally a small mark or differentiation in the design of a coin for the purpose of identifying the mint, moneyer, or some other aspect of the coin's production or origin, for control purposes. Nowadays it is mainly used as a design and marketing feature.
Privy Purse In the past, the UK's Civil Government day-to-day costs were paid for by the Sovereign under normal circumstances, the monies in this Public Purse being raised by from the income of the Crown Estate lands and holdings. Under "extraordinary" circumstances, namely in time of war or during budget shortfalls, Parliament raised additional monies through taxation.
Privy Purse in India In India, the Privy Purse was a grant given since 1947 to the rulers of the princely states of the Indian sub-continent as part of their terms of accession to the new republics of India and Pakistan, respectively. The Privy Purse was abolished in India c.
Privy Seal The Privy Seal of England can be traced back to the reign of King John. It has been suggested that it was originally the seal that accompanied the person of the Sovereign, while the Great Seal was required to remain in the Chancery.
Priwall Peninsula The Priwall Peninsula (German: die Halbinsel Priwall or der Priwall) is located across from the town of Travemünde at the Trave River estuary, on Germany's Baltic Sea coast. The southern part has been designated a nature reserve (Naturschutzgebiet »Südlicher Priwall«).
Prix Albert-Tessier The Prix Albert-Tessier is an award by the Government of Quebec that is part of the Prix du Québec, given to individuals for an outstanding career in Québec cinema. It is awarded to scriptwriting, acting, composing music, directing, producing and cinematographic techniques.
Prix Armand-Frappier The Prix Armand-Frappier is an award by the Government of Quebec that is part of the Prix du Québec, "given to people who have pursued a research career and have helped build up a research institution. Or it goes to those who have devoted themselves to administering or promoting research and have thereby helped train the next generation of scientists while raising public interest in science and technology".
Prix Ars Electronica The Prix Ars Electronica is a yearly prize in the field of electronic and interactive art, computer animation, digital culture and music. It has been awarded since 1987 by Ars Electronica (Linz, Austria), one of the world's major centers for art and technology.
Prix Constantin The Prix Constantin is an annual French music prize awarded to the best album of an artist who has come to prominence during the course of the past year. It was inaugurated in 2002, following the example of the British Mercury Music Prize, as an attempt to bring to light artists who have not had major media coverage ("the talents of today and tomorrow").
Prix Corrida The Prix Corrida is a Group 2 flat horse race in France for four-year-old and above thoroughbred fillies and mares run over a distance of 2,100 metres (approximately 1 mile 2½ furlongs) at Saint-Cloud Racecourse in late May / early June.
Prix d'Astarté The Prix d'Astarté is a Group 1 flat horse race in France for three-year-old and above thoroughbred fillies and mares run over a distance of 1,600 metres (approximately 1 mile) on the straight course at Deauville Racecourse in late July / early August.
Prix d'Harcourt The Prix d'Harcourt is a Group 2 flat horse race in France for four-year-old and above thoroughbreds run over a distance of 2,000 metres (approximately 1 mile 2 furlongs) at Longchamp Racecourse in late March / early April.
Prix de Diane The Prix de Diane is a Group 1 flat horse race in France for three-year-old thoroughbred fillies run over a distance of 2,100 metres (approximately 1 mile 2½ furlongs) at Chantilly Racecourse in June. It is the French equivalent of the English Epsom Oaks, and was first run in 1841.
Prix de l'Abbaye de Longchamp The Prix de l'Abbaye de Longchamp is a Group 1 flat horse race in France for two-year-old and above thoroughbreds run over a distance of 1,000 metres (approximately 5 furlongs) at Longchamp Racecourse during the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe meeting in early October.
Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe The Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe is a Group 1 flat horse race for three-year-old and above thoroughbreds (excluding geldings) run over a distance of 2,400 metres (approximately 1 mile 4 furlongs) raced on turf at Longchamp Racecourse, Paris, France on the first Sunday in October.
Prix de l'Opéra The Prix de l'Opéra is a Group 1 flat horse race in France for three-year-old and above thoroughbred fillies and mares run over a distance of 2,000 metres (approximately 1 mile 2 furlongs) at Longchamp Racecourse during the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe meeting in early October.
Prix de la critique The Prix de la critique is a prize awarded by the Association des Critiques et des journalistes de Bande Dessinée to the best comic album released for a year in France. Previously, from 1984 to 2003, it was called Prix Bloody Mary and awarded at the Angoulême International Comics Festival.
Prix de Malleret The Prix de Malleret is a Group 2 flat horse race in France for three-year-old thoroughbred fillies run over a distance of 2,400 metres (approximately 1 mile 4 furlongs) at Saint-Cloud Racecourse in late June / early July.
Prix de Pomone The Prix de Pomone is a Group 2 flat horse race in France for three-year-old and above thoroughbred fillies and mares run over a distance of 2,500 metres (approximately 1 mile 4½ furlongs) at Deauville Racecourse in August.
Prix de Royallieu The Prix de Royallieu is a Group 2 flat horse race in France for three-year-old and above thoroughbred fillies and mares run over a distance of 2,500 metres (approximately 1 mile 4½ furlongs) at Longchamp Racecourse during the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe meeting, on the weekend of the first Sunday in October.
Prix de Sandringham The Prix de Sandringham is a Group 2 flat horse race in France for three-year-old thoroughbred fillies run over a distance of 1,600 metres (approximately 1 mile) at Chantilly Racecourse in late May / early June.
Prix des Deux Magots The Prix des Deux Magots is a major French literary prize. It is presented to new works, and is generally awarded to works that more off-beat and less conventional than those that receive the more main stream Prix Goncourt.

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