Encyclopedia

Proceedings of the Chemical Society The Proceedings of the Chemical Society was a a scientific journal published at various times in the life of the Chemical Society, a scientific society in the United Kingdom that combined with other societies to form the Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) in 1980. In 1841, the Society published Memoirs of the Chemical Society, renamed in 1942 to Proceedings of the Chemical Society.
Proceedings of the Natural History Society of BrĂĽnn The Proceedings of the Natural History Society of BrĂĽnn (Original title in German: Verhandlungen des naturforschenden Vereins BrĂĽnn) was the publication where Gregor Mendel published his scientific discoveries on genetics.
Procellariidae The family Procellariidae is a group of seabirds that comprises the fulmarine petrels, the gadfly petrels, the prions, and the shearwaters. This family is part of the bird order Procellariiformes (or tubenoses), which also includes the albatrosses, the storm-petrels, and the diving petrels.
Procept A procept is an amalgam of three components: a process which produces a mathematical object and a symbol which is used to represent either process or object. It derives from the work of Eddie Gray and David Tall, and is a much used construct in mathematics education research.
Proceptive phase In biology and sexology, the proceptive phase is the initial period in a relationship when organisms are 'courting' each other, prior to the acceptive phase when copulation occurs. Behaviours that occur during the proceptive phase depend very much on the species but may include visual displays, movements, sounds and odours.
Proceratosaurus Proceratosaurus was a medium-sized carnivorous theropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of England. Originally thought to be an ancestor of Ceratosaurus due to the similar small crest on its snout, it is now considered a coelurosaur, one of the earliest known.
Proces-verbal PROCES-VERBAL (French proces, process, Late Latin verbalis, from verbum, word), in French law, a detailed authenticated account drawn up by a magistrate, police officer, or other person having authority of acts or proceedings done in the exercise of his duty.
Process (computing) In computing, a process is a running instance of a program, including all variables and other state. A modern computer system typically supports many processes, which are multitasked to give the appearance that all of them can run simultaneously.
Process (philosophy) In philosophy and systems theory, basic processes, or logical homologies as they were termed by Ludwig von Bertalanffy, are unifying principles which operate in many different systemic contexts. For example, feedback is a principle that figures prominently in the science of cybernetics.
Process agent A process agent is a representative upon whom court papers may be served. They typically represent carriers or freight forwarders, as a process agent can act to serve as a point of contact and a legal address for contract purposes in a country where the actual entity does not have an office.
Process and instrumentation diagram Process and instrumentation diagrams are a family of functional one-line diagrams showing hull, mechanical and electrical (HM&E) systems like piping, and cable block diagrams. Abbreviated as P&ID, they show the interconnection of process equipment and the instrumentation used to control the process.
Process and Reality Process and Reality (1929) from the 1927–28 Gifford Lectures, is Alfred North Whitehead's opus explicating the philosophy of organism, a philosophy of subjectivity as process itself. Also called process philosophy, Whitehead's paradigm laid the ground work for a paradigm of subjectivity, which Whitehead calls a "completed metaphysical language.
Process area (CMMI) The Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI) contains 25 key process areas indicating the aspects of product development that are to be covered by company processes. The method by which a company chooses to adopt CMMI is called a representation.
Process architecture Process architecture is the structural design of general process systems and applies to fields such as computers (software, hardware, networks, etc.), business processes (enterprise architecture, policy and procedures, logistics, project management, etc.
Process Analytical Technology Process Analytical Technology or PAT has been defined by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a mechanism to design, analyze, and control pharmaceutical manufacturing processes through the measurement of critical process parameters and quality attributes.
Process calculus In computer science, the process calculi (or process algebras) are a diverse family of related approaches to formally modelling concurrent systems. Process calculi provide a tool for the high-level description of interactions, communications, and synchronizations between a collection of independent agents or processes.
Process color Process color is a common shortened form of the term "four-color printing process." Process color (and similar terms) refers both to a method of reproducing colored images on printing presses and to the specific printed colors that result from that method.
Process control block A Process Control Block (PCB, also called Task Control Block or Task Struct) is a data structure in the operating system kernel containing the information needed to manage a particular process. The pcb is "the manifestation of a process in an operating system".
Process control network A Process Control Network (PCN) is a communications network that is used to transmit instructions and data between control and measurement units and Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) equipment.These networks have, over the years, used many of the technologies and topologies utilised in other network applications.
Process costing Process costing traces and accumulates direct costs, and allocates indirect costs, through a manufacturing process. Costs are assigned to products, usually in a large batch, which might include an entire month's production.
Process design (chemical engineering) Process design is the design of processes for desired physical and/or chemical transformation of materials. Process design is central to chemical engineering and it can be considered to be the summit of chemical engineering, bringing together all of the components of that field.
Process drama Process drama as a teaching methodology has developed primarily from the work of Dorothy Heathcote and Gavin Bolton (Bolton, 1979, 1984, 1992; Bolton & Heathcote, 1999; Heathcote & Bolton, 1995) and through the work of other leading drama practitioners (Morgan & Saxton, 1989; Neelands, Booth, & Goode, 1991; O'Neill, 1991, 1995; O'Toole, 1990). It is a method of teaching and learning where both the students and teacher are working in and out of role.
Process engineering Process engineering is often a synonym for chemical engineering and focuses on the design, operation and maintenance of chemical and material manufacturing processes. Process engineering and process engineers are found in a vast range of industries, such as the petrochemical, mineral processing, material,Information Technology, food and pharmaceutical and biotechnological industries.
Process function A process function (or a process quantity) is a physical quantity that describes the transition of a system from an equilibrium state to another equilibrium state. As an example, mechanical work and heat are process quantities because they describe quantitatively the transition between equilibrium states of thermodynamic systems.
Process Flow diagram A Process flow diagram (PFD) is a diagram commonly used in chemical and process engineering to indicate the general flow of plant processes and equipment. The PFD displays the relationship between major equipment of a plant facility and does not show minor details such as piping details and designations.
Process group In POSIX-conformant operating systems, a process group denotes a collection of one or more processes. The collection is identified by a positive integer, the process group ID, which is the process identifier of the process that is (or was) the process group leader.
Process management Process management is the ensemble of activities of planning and monitoring the performance of a process, especially in the sense of business process, often confused with reengineering. Jörg Becker, Martin Kugeler, Michael Rosemann (eds.
Process mining Process mining techniques allow for the analysis of business processes based on event logs. For example, the audit trails of a workflow management system, the transaction logs of an enterprise resource planning system, and the electronic patient records in a hospital can be used to discover models describing processes, organizations, and products.
Process Media Process Media is an independent publishing house, the result of a collaboration between Adam Parfrey of Feral House and Jodi Wille of Dilettante Press. Process is currently distributing the Dilettante titles The End is Near and Starstruck.
Process of corning black powder Corning is the process by which meal powder, or finely divided black powder, is compressed into cakes, crushed, and then screened by particle size into different size categories. This process alters the burn rate of black powder, giving it more flexibility for different applications.
Process of elimination The process of elimination is a basic logical tool to solve real world problems. By subsequently removing options that may be deemed impossible, illogical, or can be easily ruled out due to some sort of explicit understanding relative to the entire set of options, the pool of remaining possibilities grows smaller.
Process of intelligence The process of intelligence also known as decision support includes requirements definition, collection management, source discovery and validation, multi-source fusion, and compelling actionable presentation.Robert David Steele, "Peacekeeping Intelligence & Information Peacekeeping," author's draft as subsequently published in the International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence, Fall 2006.
Process owner The process owner is the person who co-ordinates the various functions and work activities at all levels of a process. This person might have the authority or ability to make changes in the process as required, and manages the entire process cycle to ensure performance effectiveness.
Process Oriented Psychology Process Oriented Psychology refers to a body of theory and practice that encompasses a broad range of psychotherapeutic, personal growth, and group process applications. It is more commonly called Process Work in the United States, the longer name being used in Europe and Asia.
Process philosophy Process philosophy identifies metaphysical reality with change and dynamism. The majority of metaphysics since the time of Plato, on the other hand, usually posits a "timeless" metaphysical reality of substances, objects, or things, while processes are denied or subordinated to timeless objects.
Process serving laws Each state has process serving laws, or Rules of Civil Procedure, that govern civil procedure in their courts, or more simply, court procedures for civil suits in their state. The United States also has their own set of Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, which most state service of process laws are based on.
Process specification A Process Specification is a description of the procedure to be followed by an actor within an elementary level business activity, as represented on a process model such as a dataflow diagram or IDEF0 model. A common alias is minispec short for miniature specification.
Process states In a multitasking computer system, processes may occupy a variety of states. These distinct states may not actually be recognized as such by the operating system kernel, however they are a useful abstraction for the understanding of processes.
Process Specification A Process Specification is a description of the procedure to be followed by an actor within an elementary level business activity, as represented on a process model such as a dataflow diagram or IDEF0 model. A common alias is minispec short for miniature specification.
Process theology Process theology (also known as neoclassical theology) is a school of thought influenced by the metaphysical process philosophy of Alfred North Whitehead (1861–1947). Process theology is unrelated to the Process Church.
Process theory Process theory is a commonly used form of scientific research study in which events or occurrences are said to be the result of certain input states leading to a certain outcome (output) state, following a set process.
Process-based management Process-based management is a management approach that governs the mindset and actions in an organization. It is a philosophy of how an organization manages its operations, aligned with and supported by the vision, mission and values of the organization.
Process-Space Festival Process – Space Festival of Contemporary Arts takes place annually in June at the town of Balchik on the north coast of the Black Sea, Bulgaria. The festival aims to stimulate the innovations and research in contemporary arts, to open the established genre borders towards new ways of creative self-expression, without any limitations.
Processed Book Project The Processed Book Project is a prototype website and service with customized software tools, launched in November 2005, to explore the evolving nature of books, journals, and other authored content published electronically as digital data, and accessible on a widely connected, often global, network.
Processed cheese Processed cheese (or process cheese) is a food product made from regular cheese and other unfermented dairy ingredients, plus emulsifiers, extra salt, and food colorings. Many flavors, colors, and textures of processed cheese exist.
Processing Processing typically describes the act of taking something through an established and usually routine set of procedures to convert it from one form to another, as a manufacturing procedure, such as processing milk into cheese. Processing can also refer to administrative procedure such as processing paperwork to grant a mortgage loan.
Processing (programming language) Processing is an open source project initiated by Casey Reas and Benjamin Fry, formerly of the Aesthetics and Computation Group at the MIT Media Lab. It is "a programming language and integrated development environment (IDE) built for the electronic arts and visual design communities", which aims to teach the basics of computer programming in a visual context, and to serve as the foundation for electronic sketchbooks.
Processing disorder A Processing Disorder refers to a problem that people with learning disabilities have attending to, decoding or recalling information needed to perform more complex cognitive tasks such as understanding what others say, reading, writing or doing math. Processing disorders involve the basic tasks necessary to get the information in a form that is usable by the person's thinking processes.
Procession A procession (via Middle English processioun, French procession, derived from Latin, processio, itself from procedere, to go forth, advance, proceed) is, in general, an organized body of people advancing in a formal or ceremonial manner.
Procession of the Holy Blood The Procession of the Holy Blood is a large religious procession, dating back to the Middle Ages, which takes place each Ascension Day in Bruges, Belgium. The centerpiece is the Blood of Christ, a coagulated relic said to become fluid again each year on this day.
Procession of the Species The Procession of the Species Celebration is an annual, community arts-based Earth Day celebration in Olympia, Washington. It was started in 1995 by a group of Olympia residents to commemorate the 25th anniversary of Earth Day and to support Congressional renewal of the Endangered Species Act.
Procession Path Procession path (Latin: ambitus templi): the route taken by processions on solemn days in large churches up the north aisle, round behind the high altar, down the south aisle, and then up the centre of the nave.
Processivity In molecular biology, processivity is a measure of the average number of nucleotides added by a DNA polymerase enzyme per association/disassociation with the template. DNA polymerases associated with DNA replication tend to be highly processive, while those associated with DNA repair tend to have low processivity.
Processor Direct Slot Processor Direct Slot or PDS, was a solution (actually, a whole number of different solutions) introduced by Apple Computer, in several of their Macintosh models, to providing a limited measure of hardware expandibility, without going to the expense (in both desktop space and selling price) of providing full-fledged bus expansion slots.
Processor register In computer architecture, a processor register is a small amount of very fast computer memory used to speed the execution of computer programs by providing quick access to commonly used values—typically, the values being calculated at a given point in time. Most, but not all, modern computer architectures operate on the principle of moving data from main memory into registers, operating on them, then moving the result back into main memory—a so-called load-store architecture.
Processual archaeology Processual archaeology is a form of archaeological theory which arguably had its genesis in 1958 with Willey and Phillips' work, Method and Theory in American Archeology in which the pair stated that "American archeology is anthropology or it is nothing" (Willey and Phillips, 1958:2).
Processus (Kingdom of Hungary) The processus (Latin: processus/ reambulatio, Hungarian: szolgabírói járás, Slovak: slúžnovský obvod/slúžnovský okres, German: Stuhlbezirk) was the name of the lowest-level administrative unit (district) in the Kingdom of Hungary between the 15th century and 1918.
Procidis Procidis is a French animation studio founded by Albert Barillé and who amongst other things realized the series of "Once Upon a Time..."(life,man,space,the americas,the discoverers,the explorers) which made its fame, by creating in the European audio-visual landscape a very new kind of animation for youth.
Proclamation of accession of Elizabeth II Queen Elizabeth II was proclaimed Sovereign of each of the Commonwealth Realms on February 7, 1952, after the death of her father King George VI in the night between February 5 and February 6, and while the Princess was in Kenya.
Proclamation of Połaniec Proclamation of Połaniec (also known as Połaniec Manifesto, ) issued on 7 May 1794 by Tadeusz Kościuszko near the town of Połaniec, was one of the most notable events of the Kościuszko Uprising in Poland, and is the most famous legal acts in of the Uprising. This act partially abolished the serfdom in Polandgranting significant civil liberties] to all [[peasants.
Proclamation of Rebellion The Proclamation of Rebellion, officially titled A Proclamation for Suppressing Rebellion and Sedition, was King George III's response to the news of the Battle of Bunker Hill on June 17, 1775. Issued August 23, it declared elements of the American colonies in a state of "open and avowed rebellion".
Proclamation of TimiĹźoara The Proclamation of TimiĹźoara is a document written by the TimiĹźoara participants in the Romanian Revolution of 1989, in which they expressed their political views and demands. This was in response to the first Mineriad, and the Proclamation's 8th point (calling for all former Romanian Communist Party officials to be banned from holding public office for a period of 10 years) was one of the main requests of the Golaniad, which was violently repressed during the third Mineriad.
Procles In Greek mythology, Procles was one of the Heracleidae, a great-great-great-grandson of Heracles, and a son of Aristodemus. His twin was Eurysthenes, and together they received the land of Lacedaemon after Cresphontes.
Proclus Proclus Lycaeus (February 8, 412 – April 17, 485), surnamed "The Successor" or "diadochos" (Greek Próklos ho Diádokhos), was a Greek Neoplatonist philosopher, one of the last major Greek philosophers (see Damascius). His set forth one of the most elaborate, complex, and fully developed Neoplatonic systems.
Proclus (crater) Proclus is a young lunar impact crater located to the west of the Mare Crisium, on the east shore of the Palus Somni. It lies to the south of the prominent, terraced Macrobius crater, and west-northwest of the flooded crater Yerkes.
Procol Harum Procol Harum are an English progressive rock band, formed in the 1960s. They are best known for their hit single "A Whiter Shade of Pale", though they have had a devoted cult following throughout their career.
Procolophonia The Procolophonia are an suborder of herbivorous reptiles that lived from the Middle Permian till the end of the Triassic period. They were originally included as a suborder of the Cotylosauria (later renamed Captorhinida Carroll 1988) but are now considered a clade of Parareptilia.
Procolophonoid "Procolophonoids (PRO-col-oh-phon-oids) are an extinct group of anapsids known from the Upper Permian and the Triassic. They had a nearly cosmopolitan distribution and have been found in North America, Europe, Asia, Africa, and Antarctica.
Procolophonomorpha The Procolophonomorpha are an order or clade of early reptiles that appeared during the Middle Permian. They constitute a diverse asemblage that includes a number of lizard-like forms, as well as more diverse types like the Pareiasaurs.
Proconsul major Proconsul major, an extinct primate of the genus Proconsul, was possibly the ancestor of Afropithecus and showed hominid characteristics. It occurred during the early Miocene and was roughly, the size of a gorilla.
Procovery Procovery describes the process of how individuals with serious and chronic illnesses and injuries can build healthier and more fulfilling lives, notwithstanding the possible continuing presence or worsening of symptoms.
Procrastination Procrastination is the deferment or avoidance of an action or task and is often linked to perfectionism. For the person procrastinating this may result in stress, a sense of guilt, the loss of productivity, the creation of crisis, and the chagrin of others for not fulfilling one's responsibilities or commitments.
Procredit Bank Procredit Bank is a member of the Procredit Group, which owns majority stakes in 19 countries on the continents of The Americas, Africa, and Europe. Procredit Bank is the name of several of the Group's banks in the Eastern European region.
Procredit Group The Procredit Group is a network of 18 microfinance banks in developing economies in Latin America, Eastern Europe, and Africa. The Procredit Group is owned by Procredit Holding, an investment bank in Frankfurt am Main, which was founded in 1998.
Procrustes (story) Larry Niven's short story "Procrustes," published in 1994, is the sixth in the series of stories about crashlander Beowulf Shaeffer. The short story was originally published in Crashlander, Larry Niven, New York: Ballantine, 1994, pp.
Proctology Proctology is a field in medicine dealing with diseases and disorders of the rectum, anus, colon and pelvic floor. The word Proctology is derived from the Greek words Proktos, meaning anus or hindparts, and Logos meaning science or study.
Proctor and Bergman Proctor and Bergman are the comedians Philip Proctor and Peter Bergman, two of the four members of The Firesign Theatre. The two Midwestern members of the group performed as a double act for a while in the mid-1970s and recorded a few albums, though all four members continued to perform and record together.
Proctor Community Garden The Proctor Community Garden is a small, neighborhood-operated garden and planting area in the north end of Tacoma, Washington. It is located on the northwest side of the intersection of North 21st Street and North Proctor Street, just south of the Proctor District.
Proctor District, Tacoma, Washington The Proctor District is a neighborhood in the north end of Tacoma, Washington. Primarily a center for locals to shop, the District has cultivated a small town feel, despite the increasing status of the surrounding area as a bedroom community for commuters to Seattle.
Proctor Elementary School, Castro Valley Proctor Elementary school is a public school in Castro Valley. Students there learn to do various things such as: taking spanish classes after school on Wednesdays, join the Scrabble Club, Science Adventures after school on Fridays, or, Math Treasures for students who don't have a strength in math.
Proctor Valley Proctor Valley is a region in the southeast corner of San Diego. Proctor Valley Road, which runs through the valley and connects Jamul to Eastlake is notorious for being home to the legendary Proctor Valley Monster, as well as a slew of ghosts.
Proctor's Theatre Proctor's Theatre is a former vaudeville house located in the Capital District of the State of New York, in Schenectady, New York where a lot of famous artists performed, notably: Mariah Carey performed her "Hero" song. Hal Holbrook, George Burns, and lots of other more.
Proctorville, Ohio Proctorville, originally Quaker's Bottom, is a village in Lawrence County, Ohio, USA, along the Ohio River, named after James Proctor, Proctorville's first postmaster. The population was 620 at the 2000 census.
Proctoscopy Proctoscopy is a common medical procedure in which an instrument called a proctoscope (also known as a rectoscope) is used to examine the anal cavity, rectum or sigmoid colon. A proctoscope is a short (10in or 25 cm long), straight, rigid, hollow metal tube, and usually has a small light bulb mounted at the end.
Proctotrupoidea The Hymenopteran superfamily Proctotrupoidea is a somewhat confusing assemblage of taxa, with new families being added (or subtracted) with surprising frequency, and very little to unify them all into a single natural group. It seems quite likely that the superfamily, as presently understood, is polyphyletic, consisting of at least two groups of otherwise unrelated wasps that have been lumped together because of superficial similarities and historical artifacts of classification.
Procurement Procurement is the acquisition of goods or services at the best possible total cost of ownership, in the right quantity and quality, at the right time, in the right place for the direct benefit or use of the governments, corporations, or individuals generally via, a contract.
Procurement outsourcing Procurement Outsourcing is the transfer of specified key procurement activities relating to sourcing and supplier management to a third party — perhaps to reduce overall costs or maybe to tighten the company's focus on its core competencies.
Procurement programme of the Royal Australian Navy The Royal Australian Navy, although a significant one in the Asia-Pacific region, is nonetheless classed as a medium sized navy. Its fleet is based around two main types of surface combatant, with limited global deployment and air power capability.
Procurement software Procurement software is business software that helps to automate the purchasing function of organisations. Activities including raising and approving purchase orders, selecting and ordering the product or service, receiving and matching the invoice and order, and paying the bill is handled electronically, enabling the procurement department to see everything that is ordered, ensure that nothing can be ordered without correct approvals, and lets them get the best value by combining several orders for the same type of good or even getting suppliers to bid for the business.
Procuticle The procuticle is the major portion of the exoskeleton of an insect (and various other arthropods); its exact composition and structure may differ somewhat among different taxa, but certain aspects can be generalized:
Procyclical The opposite of countercyclical, a procyclical good or service experiences greater activity/values when the economy grows and less activity when it stagnates or shrinks. Labor (Brad DeLong) and marginal cost (Mark Bils) are examples of things which have been shown to be procyclical.
Procynosuchidae Procynosuchidae, along with Dviniidae, were the earliest cynodonts. They appeared about 260 million years ago, and were abundant during the Latest Permian time (251 mya), just before the Permian-Triassic extinction event.
Procynosuchus Procynosuchus (Greek: "Before dog crocodile") was a cynodont, a group that was ancestral to mammals. Procynosuchus, specifically, belonged to a group of cynodonts called Procynosuchidae, one of the earliest cynodonts.
Prod (slang for Protestant) Prod or proddy is a shortened name for Protestant. Generally used in everyday speech to denote that someone or some thing is of Protestant origin or background, it is sometimes used in a derisive way by Republicans or Nationalists.
Prodeinodon Prodeinodon (meaning "Before Deinodon") is a dubious genus of theropod dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous (Barremian to Aptian stages) of China and Mongolia. Three species have been identified, all three known only from tooth fragments showing no diagnostic features, making them difficult to classify, though they may belong to a carnosaur.
Prodemca PRODEMCA (Friends of the Democratic Center in Central America), was a United States non-profit organization founded in 1981 to support democratic movements in Central America. PRODEMCA projects focused primarily on Nicaragua, especially in the construction of anti-Sandinista media and public relations campaigns and in support for the political opposition inside Nicaragua.
Prodigy (comics) Prodigy is the name used by three fictional characters in the Marvel Universe. The first Prodigy was Spider-Man in disguise, the second has superhuman physical abilities, and the third was a mutant with a superhuman intellect.
Prodigy (ISP) Prodigy Communications Corporation was a dialup service (known as a "mega-BBS") for personal computers in the United States. The company claimed it was the first consumer online service, differentiating itself from the leading service provider, CompuServe, which was used mostly by technophiles.
Prodinoceras Prodinoceras ("Before Terrible Horns") was the earliest known uintathere, which lived in the late Paleocene of Mongolia. It is also regarded as the basal uintathere, as, although it had the characteristic fang-like tusks, it had yet to evolve the characteristic knob-like horns.
Prodnalog Prodnalog (Prodovolstvenniy nalog) (Продналог, продовольственный налог in Russian, or food tax) was a fixed food tax in Soviet Russia, introduced by the decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on March 21, 1921 instead of prodrazvyorstka.

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