Encyclopedia

Professor of Engineering, Cambridge University The Professorship of Engineering is a professorship at the University of Cambridge. Founded in 1875 as a chair in 'Mechanism and Applied Mechanics', it was renamed to 'Mechanical Sciences' in 1934, and to 'Engineering' in 1966.
Professor Oak Professor Samuel Oak is a human character who appears in the Pokémon video games, anime series, and manga. In Japanese, Professor Oak's name is Yukinari Ōkido-Hakase (オーキド博士), a rough translation of which is "Professor Yukinari Orchid, PhD", though the name Ōkido is still often used in fan translations.
Professor Pac-Man Professor Pac-Man is an arcade game produced by Bally Midway in 1983. Designed to capitalize on the perceived quiz game niche, the game presents simple visual puzzles and requires the player to solve each within a short time limit.
Professor Potter Professor Phineas Potter is a fictional character who appeared in various Superman and Superboy stories published by DC Comics. He was the uncle of Lana Lang (her mother's brother), and first appeared in Superman's Pal, Jimmy Olsen #22 in August 1957.
Professor Ratigan Professor Padraic Ratigan is the villain of Disney's The Great Mouse Detective. He is the story's version of Professor James Moriarty from Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes stories, and serves as the adversary to the Sherlock Holmes counterpart, Basil of Baker Street.
Professor Robert Black Professor Robert Black QC, FRSA, FRSE, FFCS, ILTM is Professor Emeritus of Scots Law at the University of Edinburgh. He has been an Advocate in Scotland since 1972, was in practice at the Bar and became a QC in 1987.
Professor Roy Evans Professor Roy Evans CBE MSc PhD FREng FICE FIStructE is a native of Llandysul in Ceredigion (Wales), and a graduate of Swansea, he became Professor of Civil and Structural Engineering in Cardiff University, where he spent 26 years of his career.
Professor Sean Hinton A Professor Sean Hinton (almost always shortened to a 'Prof Sean') is a cocktail. Served in a tall glass with ice it is composed of two shots of jameson's irish whisky, two shots of Jack Daniel's and is topped up with coke.
Professor Supermind and Son Professor Supermind and Son was a comic book feature that appeared in issues 60-71 of Dell Comics' Popular Comics publication. Professor Warren (Supermind) used his energy machine to give his son, Dan, superhuman powers, including super strength, invulnerability, and the ability to fly.
Professor X Professor Charles Francis Xavier, also known as Professor X, is a fictional comic book superhero and founder of the X-Men in the Marvel Universe. Created by co-writer Stan Lee and artist/co-writer Jack Kirby, he first appeared in X-Men #1 (September 1963).
Professorship in Finnish Studies University of Minnesota holds the Government of Finland and David and Nancy Speer Visiting Professorship in Finnish Studies. The Chair was established in 1989 with the joint efforts of the Government of Finland, University of Minnesota, and Mr.
Proffer To proffer (sometimes profer) means to offer evidence in support of an argument, or elements of an affirmative defense or offense, often at trial. A party with the burden of proof must proffer sufficient evidence to carry that burden.
Profiat Duran Profiat Duran (Hebrew: פרופייט דוראן), also known as Efodi (האפודי) was a philosopher, grammarian, and controversialist in the 14th century. It is not known whether he was born at Perpignan, where he lived for some years, or in a town of Catalonia.
Profil (band) Profil was a band that has represented France in Eurovision Song Contest 1980 with the entry Hè Hé M'sieurs dames (11 st place, 45 pts). It was composed by: Martine Havet, Martine Bauer, Francis Rignault, Jean-Claude Corbel e Jean-Pierre Izbinski.
Profile (engineering) In standardization, a profile consists of an agreed-upon subset and interpretation of a specification. Many complex technical specifications have many optional features, such that two conforming implementations may not inter-operate due to choosing different sets of optional features to support.
Profile (UML) A profile in the Unified Modeling Language provides a generic extension mechanism for building UML models in particular domains. Profiles are based on additional stereotypes and tagged values that are applied to elements, attributes, methods, links, and link ends.
Profile 21 Profile 21 (Hebrew: פרופיל 21) is a code used by the military of Israel to classify Israelis who are deemed to have physical or psychological disabilities making them permanently unfit for military service. Such individuals can still volunteer for service, however, usually being placed in rear-echelon positions.
Profile in Silver Profile in Silver is an episode of The Twilight Zone, part of the mid-1980's revival of the television show. It first aired on March 7, 1986, in a program that also included the segment, "Button, Button".
Profile Lake Profile Lake is a 13-acre water body located in Franconia Notch in the White Mountains of New Hampshire, at the foot of Cannon Mountain. The lake was given its name due to its location directly beneath the Old Man of the Mountain, a famous rock formation which collapsed in 2003.
Profiled Profiled is an interview album by English rock group Led Zeppelin, released by Atlantic Records on September 21, 1990. Profiled was a promo-only interview CD made to accompany the recently-released Led Zeppelin box set.
ProfileHeaven Profileheaven is a social networking website, winner of 2006 UK Website of the Year and Best Community Site, with a goal to encourage online social interaction, launched in March 2005. The website has an Alexa Internet traffic ranking of 12,875Alexa Internet Alexa Traffic Ranking for profileheaven.
Profiles Profiles is an album by Pink Floyd]'s drummer [[Nick Mason and 10cc's guitarist Rick Fenn, released in 1985. It is almost entirely instrumental, save for two songs: Lie for a Lie, featuring Pink Floyd singer and guitarist David Gilmour and Mike Oldfield's early 80s singer Maggie Reilly; and Israel, sung by UFO keyboardist Danny Peyronel.
Profiles in Terror Profiles in Terror: A Guide to Middle East Terrorist Organizations is a 2004 book by Aaron Mannes. It profiles more than twenty terrorist organizations operating in the Middle East and their affiliate groups worldwide, describing their characteristics: ideology and objectives; history; leadership; organization; external relations; financial support networks; target and tactics; external relations; a chronology of significant events and attacks; and references for each group.
Profilo Shopping Center Profilo Shopping Center, opened in 1998, is a modern shopping mall located in the business quarter of Mecidiyeköy in Istanbul, Turkey. The building was used as a refrigerator production facility by the Profilo company, a subsidiary of Profilo Group, before renovation and conversion.
Profintern Red International of Labour Unions, widely known by its Russian abbreviation Profintern, was an international body established with the aim of co-ordinating Communist activities within trade unions. It was intended to act as a counterweight to the influence of the 'Amsterdam International', the Social Democratic International Federation of Trade Unions (branded as the 'Yellow International' by the Comintern).
Profit Profit, from Latin meaning "to make progress", is defined in two different ways. (Pure) economic profit is a positive return made on an investment by an individual or by business operations after all costs, including a normal return to capital and returns to risk, are accounted for.
Profit (real estate) A profit, in the law of real estate, is a nonpossessory interest in land similar to the better-known easement, which gives the holder the right to take natural resources such as petroleum, minerals, timber, and wild game from the land of another. Indeed, because of the necessity of allowing access to the land so that resources may be gathered, every profit contains an implied easement for the owner of the profit to enter the other party's land for the purpose of collecting the resources permitted by the profit.
Profit impact of marketing strategy The 'Profit Impact of Market Strategy (PIMS) database "yields solid evidence in support of both common sense and counter-intuitive principles for gaining and sustaining competitive advantage": Tom Peters and Nancy Austin. It was developed with the intention of providing empirical evidence of which business strategies lead to success, within particular industries.
Profit Mapping Profit Mapping is a systematic and holistic method for business improvement and managing execution. Profit Mapping helps companies achieve their cost and operational objectives by linking organizational decisions and activities directly to the business objectives.
Profit sharing Profit sharing, when used as a special term, refers to various incentive plans introduced by businesses that provide direct or indirect payments to employees that depend on company's profitability in addition to employees' regular salary and bonuses.
Profit-à-prendre Profit-à-prendre (Middle French for "right of taking") is an easement — a transfer of usage rights — which gives the holder the right to remove the soil or "substances of the soil" (e.g.
ProfNet A subsidiary of PR Newswire, ProfNet(SM) is an online community of communications professionals linked by the Internet to provide reporters access to expert sources. ProfNet was founded in 1992 and acquired by PR Newswire in 1996.
Profunda femoris artery The profunda femoris artery (also known as the deep femoral artery, or the deep artery of the thigh) is a branch of the femoral artery that, as its name suggests, travels more deeply (posteriorly) than the rest of the femoral artery.
Profundal zone The profundal zone is a deep zone of a body of water, such as an ocean or a lake, located below the range of effective light penetration. This is typically below the thermocline, the vertical zone in the water through which temperature drops rapidly.
Prog-rock opera Prog-rock operas are epic, sometimes overblown or at least slightly pretentious stories written into lyrics and set to music to be recorded and performed. Prog-rock operas usually have characters and a plot, as any other story would, and unfold over one or more studio albums, typically called a Concept Album.
Proganochelys Proganochelys is the oldest turtle species discovered to date, known only from fossils found in Germany and Thailand in strata from the late Triassic, dating to approximately 210 million years ago. It has several synonymns, including Chelytherium ("Turtle Beast"), Psammochelys ("Sand Turtle"), Stegochelys ("Roof Turtle") and Triassochelys ("Triassic Turtle").
Progenesis Progenesis is a mechanism in developmental biology that is associated with paedomorphosis. Progenesis refers to the attainment of sexual maturity by an organism still in its larval or juvenile stage and a secondary result of never experiencing later developmental stages.
Progenies of the Great Apocalypse "Progenies of the Great Apocalypse" (often nicknamed "POTGA" or simply "Progenies") is a song by the Norwegian melodic death metal band Dimmu Borgir. It was released on their album Death Cult Armageddon.
Progenitor (Homeworld) The Progenitors are an immensely powerful and technologically advanced race presented in the Homeworld Universe, the computer game series published by Sierra Entertainment. The race seemingly went extinct around one-hundred thousand years in the past.
Progenitor cell The term progenitor cell is used in cell biology and developmental biology to refer to immature or undifferentiated cells, typically found in post-natal animals. While progenitor cells share many common features with stem cells, the term is far less restrictive.
Progenitor Virus The Progenitor Virus (Japanese: 始祖ウイルス shiso uirusu; also known as the Mother Virus and Founder Virus in alternate translations) is a fictional virus which predates the T-Virus in the Resident Evil survival horror series.
Progeny Componentized Linux Progeny Componentized Linux, usually called Progeny Debian, is a free Linux distribution that is a continuation of the project by Progeny Linux Systems which released a commercial product known as Progeny Debian in May 2001.
Progestagen Progestagens (also spelled progestogens or gestagens) are hormones which produce effects similar to progesterone, the only natural progestagen. All other progestogens are synthetic and are often referred to as progestins.
Progesterone Progesterone is a C-21 steroid hormone involved in the female menstrual cycle, pregnancy (supports gestation) and embryogenesis of humans and other species. Progesterone belongs to a class of hormones called progestogens, and is the major naturally occurring human progestogen.
Progesterone receptor The progesterone receptor is an intracellular steroid receptor that specifically binds progesterone. Expressed by a single gene (chromosome 11q22), it has two main forms, A and B, that differ in their molecular weight.
Progestin A progestin is a synthetic progestogen that has some biological activity similar to progesterone and is most well known for the applications in hormonal contraception, but progestins (and progesterone) also have applications in the treatment of dysmenorrhea, endometriosis, functional uterine bleeding, and amenorrhea. They have also been used to treat habitual miscarriages due to progesterone's role in sustaining pregnancy, but this has not always been successful due to the fact that miscarriage is not always due to hormonal deficiency.
Progg Progg, short for the Swedish equivalent of progressive music ("progressiv musik"), was a left-wing and anti-commercial musical movement in Sweden that had its roots in the late 1960s, and its golden age in the 1970s. It should not be confused with the English expression progressive music or progressive rock.
Proglacial lake In geology, a proglacial lake is a lake formed either by the damming action of a moraine or ice dam during the retreat of a melting glacier, or one formed by meltwater trapped against an ice sheet due to isostatic depression of the crust around the ice. At the end of the last ice age approximately 10,000 years ago, large proglacial lakes were a widespread feature in the northern hemisphere.
Proglas Proglas (Old Church Slavonic Glagolitic ⰒⰓⰑⰃⰎⰀⰔⰟ, Cyrillic Прогласъ; meaning Foreword) is the foreword to the Old Church Slavonic translation of the four Gospels. It was written by Saint Cyril in 863-867 in Great Moravia (present day Slovakia).
Prognosis Prognosis (older Greek πρόγνωσις, modern Greek πρόγνωση - literally fore-knowing, foreseeing) is a medical term denoting the doctor's prediction of how a patient's disease will progress, and whether there is chance of recovery. Since the 20th century, the word is being increasingly used in non-medical contexts as well, for example in corporate finance.
Prognosis Show The Prognosis Show was a Progressive Rock radio show hosted by Richard Stockwell which aired on Contact 89 FM, a student radio station based at the University of Waikato in Hamilton, New Zealand. It occupied the 10pm to Midnight slot on Saturday nights from around August 1996 to February 1997.
ProgPower ProgPower Europe (formerly ProgPower), ProgPower USA and ProgPower UK are music festivals held in Europe and the United States respectively. They mainly feature bands in the genres of progressive metal and power metal (hence the names of the festivals).
Program (The Animatrix) Program is an animated short film and fifth segment of the nine-segments that comprise The Animatrix, the companion series of short animated stories set in the expanded world of The Matrix series. The character designs were done by Yutaka Minowa.
Program and System Information Protocol The Program and System Information Protocol (PSIP) is the protocol used in the ATSC digital television standard for carrying metadata about each channel in the broadcast transport stream of a TV station.   It defines virtual channels and content ratings, as well as program guides with titles and descriptions to be decoded and displayed by the ATSC tuner.
Program architecture Program architecture: For a computer program, (a) the structure, relationships, and arrangement of the components of the program, (b) the program interfaces, and (c) the interface requirements for the program operating environment. From Weik '89
Program Assessment Rating Tool The Program Assessment Rating Tool, or PART, is a program run through the United States Office of Management and Budget instituted by President George W. Bush in 2002 to rate all federal programs on their effectiveness.
Program counter The program counter (also called the instruction pointer, part of the instruction sequencer in some computers) is a register in a computer processor which indicates where the computer is in its instruction sequence. Depending on the details of the particular machine, it holds either the address of the instruction being executed, or the address of the next instruction to be executed.
Program database PDB stands for Program Database, a proprietary file format (developed by Microsoft) for storing debugging information about a program (or, commonly, program modules such as a DLL or EXE). PDB files commonly have a .
Program director The program director (spelt programme director in many countries) is the person who decides what will be broadcast on a television or radio station. Typically this person will decide what selections to make based on a target demographic.
Program Design Language Program Design Language (or PDL, for short) is a method for designing and documenting methods and procedures in software. It is related to pseudocode, but unlike pseudocode, it is written in plain language without any terms that could suggest the use of any programming language or library.
Program evaluation Program evaluation is essentially a set of philosophies and techniques to determine if a program 'works'. It is a practice field that has emerged, particularly in the USA, as a disciplined way of assessing the merit, value, and worth of projects and programs.
Program Evaluation and Review Technique The Program Evaluation and Review Technique commonly abbreviated PERT is a model for project management invented by Booz Allen Hamilton, Inc. under contract to the United States Department of Defense's US Navy Special Projects Office in 1958 as part of the Polaris mobile submarine-launched ballistic missile project.
Program Executive Officer A Program Executive Officer, or PEO, is one of a few key individuals in the US military acquisition process. As can be seen from the examples below, a Program Executive Officer may be responsible for a specific program (e.
Program for Appropriate Technology in Health (PATH) The Program for Appropriate Technology in Health (more commonly known as PATH) is an international, nonprofit organization based in Seattle, Washington (USA); with offices in fourteen countries and more than 400 employees. Current offices are located in: Cambodia, China, France, India, Indonesia, Kenya, Nicaragua, Senegal, South Africa, Thailand, Uganda, Ukraine, Vietnam, and the United States.
Program for Evaluating Complementary Medicine In 1998, the Swiss government began a comprehensive Program for Evaluating Complementary Medicine, or PEK, to study the role and effectiveness of complementary medicine, which were playing an ever-increasing role in the Swiss medical system.
Program for the Exceptionally Gifted The Program for the Exceptionally Gifted ("PEG") at Mary Baldwin College is an early college entrance program designed for girls ages 12 to 16 who have not completed high school. The program was founded in 1985 with a class of 11 students and now enrolls approximately 30 new students per year.
Program For Infant and Toddler Caregiving The Program for Infant and Toddler Caregiving (PITC) is a evidence-based curriculum that trains early childhood caregivers to be responsive, consistent caregivers for young infants, mobile infants, and older infants (or toddlers). It was designed by J.
Program Chrestomathy In computer programming, a program chrestomathy is a collection of similar programs written in various programming languages, for the purpose of demonstrating differences in syntax, semantics and idioms for each language. The best known of these is the ACM "Hello, World!
Program in America and California Explorations Program in America and California Explorations (PACE) is a Small Learning Community (SLC) at John F. Kennedy High School (Sacramento), which focuses on academic excellence, culture and civic events, and community service.
Program in Human Biology The Program in Human Biology is innovative academic program at Stanford University in Palo Alto California. Founded in 1969 by a grant from the Ford Foundation, it is consistently one of the largest and most popular majors at Stanford.
Program Information File PIFs, or Program Information Files, define how a given MS-DOS program should be run in a multi-tasking environment, notably to avoid giving it unnecessary resources which could remain available to other programs. TopView was the originator of PIFs which were inherited and extended by DESQview and Microsoft Windows, where they are most often seen.
Program management Program management is the process of managing multiple ongoing inter-dependent projects. An example would be that of designing, manufacturing and providing support infrastructure for an automobile manufacturer.
Program music Program music is music intended to evoke extra-musical ideas, images in the mind of the listener by musically representing a scene, image or mood By contrast, absolute music] stands for itself and is intended to be appreciated without any particular reference to the outside world. The term is almost exclusively applied to works in the [[European classical music tradition, particularly those from the Romantic music period of the 19th century, during which the concept was popular, but pieces which fit the description have long been a part of music.
Program Manager Information Sharing Environment The Program Manager Information Sharing Environment was established pursuant to Executive Order 13388, on March 15, 2006. The Program Manager chairs the Information Sharing Council, and is under the direction of the Office of the Director of National Intelligence.
Program of Alternate Studies Program of Alternate Studies or PAS is a program of the Cumberland Presbyterian denomination administered by Memphis Theological Seminary and intended to provide theological education to persons who are not able to attend a traditional theological seminary. PAS is directed by the Rev.
Program specification A program specification is the definition of what a computer program is expected to do. It can be informal, in which case it can be considered as a blueprint or user manual from a developer point of view, or formal, in which case it has a definite meaning defined in mathematical or programmatic terms.
Program state One of the key concepts in computer programming is the idea of state, essentially a snapshot of the measure of various conditions in the system. Most programming languages require a considerable amount of state information in order to operate properly, information which is generally hidden from the programmer.
Program status word In computers, the program status word (PSW) is an area of memory or a hardware register which contains information about program state used by the operating system and the underlying hardware. It will normally include a pointer (address) to the next instruction to be executed.
Program stream Program stream (PS or MPEG-PS) is a name for the formats specified in MPEG-1 Systems and MPEG-2 Part 1, Systems (ISO/IEC standard 13818-1). It is a container format designed for reasonably reliable media such as disks, in contrast to transport stream which is for data transmission in which loss of data is likely.
Program structure Structured/hierarchical programming divides complex programming problems and breaks them down into a number of smaller, simpler tasks. Each task is performed by a function in which code and variables are isolated from the rest of the program..
Program synthesis Program synthesis comprises a range of technologies for the automatic generation of executable computer programs from high-level specifications of their behaviour. In contrast to compilation, the specifications are usually non-algorithmic.
Program Supervisor A Program Supervisor is the chief administrator of a school program, such as the high school, elementary school, middle school or pre-school. A Program Supervisor is comparable to a Principal (school), with the responsibility of enrolling students, hiring new teachers, placing students in their classes, and other duties of a principal.
Program trading Program trading is casually defined as the use of computers in stock markets to engage in arbitrage and portfolio insurance strategies. However, the New York Stock Exchange defines the term as "a wide range of portfolio trading strategies involving the purchase or sale of 15 or more stocks having a total market value of $1 million or more" without any direct reference to the use of computers.
Program transformation A Program Transformation is any operation which takes a program and generates another program. In many cases, it is important that the derived program be semantically equivalent, but it is also useful to construct programs that implement only part of the semantics, or even a variant program which differs from the original in regular ways.
Programma International Programma International was one of the first personal computer software publishers. Established in the late 1970s by David Gordon, it published a line of approximately 300 game, programming utility, and office productivity products for the Apple II, Commodore PET, TRS-80 and other personal computer systems.
Programmable automation controller A programmable automation controller (PAC) is a compact controller that combines the features and capabilities of a PC-based control system with that of a typical programmable logic controller (PLC). PACs are most often used in industrial settings for process control, data acquisition, remote equipment monitoring, machine vision, and motion control.
Programmable Airline Reservation System PARS (Programmable Airline Reservation System) is an IBM proprietary large scale airline reservation application, executing under the control of IBM's ACP (and later its successor, TPF). Its international version was known as IPARS.
Programmable Array Logic The term Programmable Array Logic (PAL) is used to describe a family of programmable logic device semiconductors used to implement logic functions in digital circuits introduced by Monolithic Memories, Inc. (MMI) in mid 1978.
Programmable Interrupt Controller A Programmable Interrupt Controller (PIC) is a device which allows priority levels to be assigned to its interrupt outputs. When the device has multiple interrupt outputs to assert, it will assert them in the order of their relative priority.
Programmable logic array A programmable logic array (PLA) is a programmable device used to implement combinational logic circuits. The PLA has a set of programmable AND planes, which link to a set of programmable OR planes, which can then be conditionally complemented to produce an output.
Programmable logic controller A Programmable Logic Controller, PLC, or Programmable Controller is a microprocessor used for automation of industrial processes, such as control of machinery on factory assembly lines. Unlike general-purpose computers, the PLC is designed for extended temperature ranges, dirty or dusty conditions, immunity to electrical noise, and resistance to vibration and impact.
Programmable matter Programmable matter or wellstone is a neologism meaning bulk matter of which the physical or chemical properties reversibly can be changed on demand. As of 2005, several materials exist which classify as programmable matter (for example LCDs) and even more have been proposed.
Programmable read-only memory A programmable read-only memory (PROM) or field programmable read-only memory (FPROM) is a form of digital memory where the setting of each bit is locked by a fuse or antifuse. Such PROMs are used to store programs permanently.
Programmable system device A Programmable system device (PSD) is a type of integrated circuit manufactured by STMicroelectronics. Meant to be teamed up with a microprocessor or microcontroller, the PSD provides most of the other functions required to implement small applications such as embedded systems.
Programmable thermostat A programmable thermostat is a thermostat which is designed to adjust the temperature according to a series of programmed settings that take effect at different times of the day. Programmable thermostats may also be called setback thermostats or clock thermostats.
Programmable Universal Machine for Assembly The PUMA (Programmable Universal Machine for Assembly, or Programmable Universal Manipulation Arm) is an industrial robot arm developed by Victor Scheinman at pioneering robot company Unimation. Initially developed for General Motors, the PUMA was based on earlier designs Scheinman invented while at MIT and Stanford University.
Programme and Resource Management The Directorate for Programme and Resource Management or DPRM, located in Brussels, Belgium, is part of the Directorate-General of the Joint Research Centre (European Commission), a Directorate-General of the European Commission (EC).
Programme budgeting Programme Budgeting is the budgeting system that, contary to conventional budgeting, describes and gives the detailed costs of every activity or programme that is to be carried out in a budget.Objectives,outputs and expected results are described fully as are the necessary ressource costs eg.
Programme for Belize The Programme for Belize is the first project undertaken by the World Land Trust, in 1989. The goal of the project was to purchase and protect tropical rainforests in Belize to save them from exploitation like over-logging.
Programme for International Student Assessment The Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) is a triennial world-wide test of 15-year-old schoolchildren's scholastic performance, developed by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in 1997.

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