Encyclopedia

Promotions Unlimited Promotions Unlimited is the nation's leading provider of advertising and promotional material. They specialize in circular / coupon book advertising and providing everyday and seasonal merchandise for drug, variety, craft, grocery, hardware, and dollar retailers nationwide.
Prompt corner The prompt corner or prompt box in a theatre is the location at the side of the stage where the prompt (usually the Stage Manager or Deputy Stage Manager) is located in order to coordinate the performance and prompt the performers when required.
Prompt critical In nuclear engineering, an assembly is prompt critical if for each nuclear fission event, one or more of the immediate or prompt neutrons released causes an additional fission event. This causes a rapidly exponential increase in the number of fission events.
Prompt gamma neutron activation analysis Prompt-gamma neutron activation analysis (PGAA) is a very widely applicable technique for determining the presence and amount of many elements simultaneously in samples ranging in size from micrograms to many grams. It is a non-destructive method, and the chemical form and shape of the sample are relatively unimportant.
Prompt neutron In nuclear engineering, a prompt neutron is a neutron immediately emitted by a nuclear fission event, as opposed to a delayed neutron which is emitted by one of the fission products anytime from a few milliseconds to a few minutes later.
Pronghorn The Pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) is the only surviving member of the family Antilocapridae, and the fastest mammal in North America running at speeds of 58 mph (90 km/h) and the second fastest of all animals next to only the Cheetah. The Pronghorn is also known as the Pronghorn antelope, but is not a true antelope.
Pronk (music) Pronk, or progressive punk, is a musical genre, named after a shortening of the two words. It is usually used to describe music influenced by the English band Cardiacs, who popularised the idea that progressive rock and punk rock could fit well together (despite not necessarily agreeing with the genre's pigeon hole.
Pronoian Made Pronoian Made was the first and so far only gothic rock band from Luxemburg. Founded in 1989 by Oliver Made (vocals & guitar) under the name The Escape, the band has toured through most European countries and supported some of the more influential bands from the gothic scene (including HIM, The CrĂĽxshadows, Clan of Xymox, Zeraphine...
Pronormal subgroup In mathematics, in the field of group theory, a pronormal subgroup is a subgroup such that every conjugate subgroup to it is a conjugate subgroup to it in the subgroup generated by them. That is, H is pronormal in G if, for every xin G, we have: H and H^x are conjugates in the subgroup generated by H and H^x.
Pronoun In linguistics and grammar, a pronoun is a pro-form that substitutes for a noun or noun phrase with or without a determiner, such as you and they in English. The replaced phrase is the antecedent of the pronoun.
Pronoun game "Playing the pronoun game" is the act of concealing sexual orientation in conversation by not using a gender-specific pronoun for a partner or a lover, which would reveal the sexual orientation of the person speaking. Most often, lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people (LGBT) people employ the pronoun game when conversing with people to whom they have not "come out".
Pronto Pronto condoms are an brand of sheath being released in South Africa, designed by Willem van Rensburg. The outside protective packaging acts as the condom applicator as well, which reduces the time needed to utilize the condom.
Pronto Pup Pronto Pup is similar to a corn dog (also sold at the fair) sold at the Minnesota State Fair and at other fairs throughout the country. Pronto Pup concession stands have been a familiar sight at fairs since the 1950s.
Prontuario dei nomi locali dell'Alto Adige The Prontuario dei nomi locali dell'Alto Adige, in English Reference Work of Place Names in South Tyrol, is a list of Italianized place names in South Tyrol which was published in 1916 by the Reale SocietĂ  Geografica Italiana (Royal Italian Geographic Society). The list was called the Prontuario in short and it formed an important part of the Italianization process initiated by the fascists, as it was the basis for the official place and district names in South Tyrol.
Pronucleus A pronucleus (plural: pronuclei) is the nucleus of a sperm or an egg cell during the process of fertilization, after the sperm enters the ovum, but before they fuse. Sperm and egg cells are haploid, meaning they carry half the number of chromosomes of somatic (nonreproductive) cells.
Pronunciamiento A pronunciamiento (literally, "pronouncement" or "declaration") is the Spanish term for a military uprising or coup in Spain and the Spanish American republics, particularly in the 19th century. They received this designation because coups were usually accompanied by a statement declaring the existing government null and void.
Pronunciation of "www" www is an initialism for World Wide Web, most often styled in lowercase because it appears as the first component of domain names. In English, WWW is actually the longest possible TLA to spell out, requiring nine syllables, whereas the twelve letters in "World Wide Web" are pronounced with only three syllables.
Pronunciation of Ancient Greek in teaching This article describes the way in which Ancient Greek has been pronounced by those studying Ancient Greek literature, in particular in schools and colleges outside Greece. For an account of how Greek is actually thought to have been pronounced in ancient times, see Ancient Greek phonology.
Pronunciation of Celtic The pronunciation of the words Celt and Celtic in their various meanings has been surrounded by some confusion: the initial can be realised either as /k/ or as /s/. Both can be justified philologically and both are "correct" in terms of English prescriptive usage.
Pronunciation of English th In English, the digraph 〈th〉 represents in most cases one of two different phonemes: the voiced dental fricative (as in this) and the voiceless dental fricative (thing). More rarely, it can stand for or the consonant cluster
Pronunciation of Hong Kong The pronunciation of Hong Kong varies depending upon the language of the native speaker, be it Cantonese or Standard Mandarin. The widespread usage of these languages has created many different ways to pronounce the Chinese characters 香港, which mean Hong Kong.
Pronunciation of Montreal The pronunciation of Montreal depends upon the language being used to describe the city. Francophones from Montreal tend to say the city name as in Quebecois French, while French speakers with a Metropolitan French accent say .
Pronunciation respelling for English Many dictionaries and other language references give pronunciation guides for some or all words listed. Most British English dictionaries now use the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) for these, and represent Received Pronunciation (RP).
Pronunciation spelling A pronunciation spelling of a word is a spelling intentionally different from the standard spelling, used to emphasize a particular pronunciation of the word. The spelling uses the regular spelling rules of the language.
Prony equation The Prony equation is a historically important equation in hydraulics, used to calculate the head loss due to friction within a given run of pipe. It is an empirical equation developed by Frenchman Gaspard de Prony in the 19th century:
Proof (1991 film) Proof is a 1991 Australian film by Jocelyn Moorhouse starring Hugo Weaving, Geneviève Picot and Russell Crowe. It was chosen as "Best Film" at the 1991 Australian Film Institute Awards, along with 5 other awards, including Moorhouse for "Best Director", Weaving for "Best Leading Actor", and Crowe for "Best Supporting Actor".
Proof (rapper) DeShaun Dupree Holton (October 2, 1973 – April 11, 2006), better known as Proof, was an American rapper and member of the rap group D12. Proof was a long time friend and publicity assistant of Eminem, with nicknames Big Proof, P, Derty Harry, and Oil Can Harry.
Proof by exhaustion Proof by exhaustion, also known as proof by cases or the brute force method, is a method of mathematical proof in which the statement to be proved is split into a finite number of cases, and each case is proved separately. A proof by exhaustion contains two stages:
Proof by tenure Proof by tenure is a derogatory description for a flawed mathematical proof presented in class by a professor. The term does not apply to simple mistakes such as poor arithmetic, but instead tends to refer to a proof in which the professor makes a more fundamental mistake, e.
Proof by verbosity Proof by verbosity is a term used to describe an excessively verbose mathematical proof that may or may not actually prove the result. Such proofs are most often presented by students who don't fully grasp the concepts they are writing about.
Proof calculus Informally, we may say that a proof calculus determines a family of formal systems which specify inference rules that characterize a logical system. As opposed to the application of the term calculus in such contexts as lambda calculus, it is usually inappropriate to identify a calculus with a particular formal system, since such paradigmatic cases as the sequent calculus are used to express such radically different consequence relations as intuitionistic logic and relevance logic.
Proof coinage Proof coinage means special early samples of a coin issue, historically made for checking the dies and for archival purposes, but nowadays often struck in greater numbers specially for coin collectors (numismatists). Many countries now issue them.
Proof complexity In computer science, proof complexity is a measure of efficiency of automated theorem proving methods that is based on the size of the proofs they produce. The methods for proving contradiction in propositional logic are the most analyzed.
Proof of Bertrand's postulate In mathematics, Bertrand's postulate states that for each n ≥ 2 there is a prime p such that n < p < 2n. It was first proven by Pafnuty Chebyshev; the gist of the following elementary but involved proof by contradiction is due to Paul Erdős.
Proof of concept Proof of concept is a short and/or incomplete realization (or synopsis) of a certain method or idea(s) to demonstrate its feasibility, or a demonstration in principle, whose purpose is to verify that some concept or theory is probably capable of exploitation in a useful manner.
Proof of delivery Proof of delivery is a method to establish the fact that the recipient received the contents sent by the sendor. When the sendor sends multiple documents through the mail there is a possibility of some not reaching the intended recipient.
Proof of impossibility A proof of impossibility, sometimes called a negative proof or negative result, is a proof demonstrating that a particular problem cannot be solved, or cannot be solved in general. Often proofs of impossibility have put to rest decades or centuries of work attempting to find a solution.
Proof of knowledge In cryptography, a proof of knowledge is an interactive proof in which the prover succeeds 'convincing' a verifier that it knows something. What it means for a machine to 'know something' is defined in terms of computation.
Proof of purchase A proof of purchase is typically some portion of the package of consumer goods, and is defined by the product's manufacturer. Most commonly, the proof of purchase is defined as the UPC symbol on the package, but can be some other portion of the package (such as a boxtop).
Proof procedure In logic, and in particular proof theory, a proof procedure is a method of proving statements. A statement p that is provable from a non-empty set Γ of statements in a theory K is called a deduction of p from Γ in K.
Proof Positive Proof Positive was a reality television paranormal investigation show broadcast by the SciFi Channel beginning on October 2004. It was shown as part of the "SciFi Wednesday" evening schedule line up in the United States along with other reality television programs as Scare Tactics and Ghost Hunters.
Proof stress The proof stress (also called offset yield strength) is the stress in a material that causes a small, specified amount of (permanent) plastic deformation in a test piece. The value of the proof stress is used to estimate the yield point in a material, due to the lack of a clear border between the elastic and plastic regions in many materials.
Proof test A proof test is a test wherein a deliberately overpressure round is fired from a firearm in order to verify that the firearm is not defective and will not explode on firing. The firearm is inspected after the test, and if it is found to be in sound condition, then it is marked with a Proof Mark to indicate that is has been proofed (not proven).
Proof that Boolean satisfiability problem is NP-complete The boolean satisfiability problem, commonly abbreviated as SAT, is the question whether a given boolean expression φ, consisting of n variables v1, ..., vn with parentheses and operators between them, is satisfiable, i.
Proof that the sum of the reciprocals of the primes diverges In the third century BC, Euclid proved the existence of infinitely many prime numbers. In the 18th century, Leonhard Euler proved a stronger statement: the sum of the reciprocals of all prime numbers diverges to infinity.
Proof theory Proof theory is a branch of mathematical logic that represents proofs as formal mathematical objects, facilitating their analysis by mathematical techniques. Proofs are typically presented as inductively-defined data structures such as plain lists, boxed lists, or trees, which are constructed according to the axioms and rules of inference of the logical system.
Proof Through the Night Proof Through the Night is a 1983 album by T-Bone Burnett. Proof Through the Night is not available on CD, though some tracks (most of them heavily remixed) appeared on the 20/20 career compilation in May of 2006.
Proof-Carrying Code Proof-Carrying Code (PCC) is a software mechanism that allows a host system to verify properties about an application via a formal proof that accompanies the application's executable code. The host system can compare the conclusions of the proof to its own security policy to determine whether the application is safe to execute.
Proof-of-payment Proof-of-payment or POP is a fare collection approach used on many public transportation systems. Instead of checking each passenger as they enter a fare control zone, proof-of-payment requires that each passenger carry a ticket or pass proving that they have paid the fare.
Proof-of-work system A proof-of-work (POW) system is a system used to prove that a device, like a computer, has done some work, usually meaning processing time. One of the more popular systems for this is Hashcash which uses partial hash collisions to prove that work was done.
Proof-theoretic semantics Proof-theoretic semantics is an approach to the semantics of logic that attempts to locate the meaning of propositions and logical connectives not in terms of interpretations, as in Tarskian approaches to semantics, but in the role that the proposition or logical connective plays within the system of inference.
Proofing (baking technique) Proofing is a step in creating yeast breads and baked goods where the yeast is allowed to leaven the dough. This step is not often explicitly named, and normally shows up in recipes as "Allow dough to rise".
Proofs from THE BOOK Proofs from THE BOOK is a book of mathematical proofs by Martin Aigner and Günter M Ziegler. The book is dedicated to mathematician Paul Erdős, who often referred to "The Book" in which God keeps all of the most elegant proofs of mathematical theorems.
Proofs of quadratic reciprocity In the mathematical field of number theory, the law of quadratic reciprocity, like the Pythagorean theorem, has lent itself to an unusual number of proofs. Several hundred proofs of the law of quadratic reciprocity have been found.
Prooftext Prooftexting is the practice of using decontextualised quotations from a document (often, but not always, a book of the Bible) to establish a proposition. Critics of the technique note that often the document, when read as a whole, may not in fact support the proposition.
Prop and Wings The Prop and Wings (propeller and wings) is a military insignia used to identify various aviation-related units in the United States military. The Prop and Wings originated as an insignia of the United States Army Air Corps, and one version of the insignia is still used by the aviation branch of the United States Army.
Prop comedy Prop comedy is a comedy genre that makes use of humorous objects, or conventional objects used in humorous ways. The stage and film jargon "prop", an abbreviation of "property", refers to any object handled by an actor in the course of a performance.
Prop-Jets Prop-Jets Inc is a US firm of San Antonio, Texas owned by Peter Luce and Paul Whetstone. It owns the intellectual property to the Meyers 145, 200, and Interceptor 400 aircraft, and as of 2002 was attempting to revive production of the latter two designs.
Propaganda Propaganda is a type of message aimed at influencing the opinions or behavior of people. Instead of impartially providing information, propaganda is often deliberately misleading, using logical fallacies, which, while sometimes convincing, are not necessarily valid.
Propaganda (book) Edward Bernays, the author of Propaganda, defined a practioner of the profession of "counsel on public relations" as a "practicing social scientist" whose "competence is like that of the industrial engineer, the management engineer, or the investment counselor in their respective fields." He states that to assist clients, public relations counselors use and apply their understanding of behavioral sciences such as anthropology, history, social psychology, and sociology.
Propaganda Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China The Propaganda Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China is an internal division of the Communist Party of China, and therefore is not formally considered to be a Government of the People's Republic of China. Nevertheless, it is the de facto highest office to enforce media censorship and control in China, as well as in charge of the propaganda in the People's Republic of China, even though no state law explicitly gives it such authority.
Propaganda Due Propaganda Due or P2 was an irregular or "black" Masonic lodge that operated in Italy from 1877-1981, headed by Licio Gelli. P2 was implicated in numerous Italian crimes and mysteries, including the nationwide bribe scandal Tangentopoli, the collapse of the Vatican-affiliated Banco Ambrosiano, and the murders of journalist Mino Pecorelli, Prime Minister Aldo Moro, and banker Roberto Calvi.
Propaganda Due -- List of members When the police raided Licio Gelli's house in Arezzo, Italy, in 1981, they found a list of Propaganda Due members. Over 900 names have been released to the press, including the names of 30 generals, 38 members of parliament, 4 cabinet ministers, former prime ministers, intelligence chiefs, newspaper editors, TV executives, businessmen, bankers, 19 judges, and 58 university professors.
Propaganda film A propaganda film is a film, either a documentary-style production or a fictional screenplay, that is produced to convince the viewer of a certain political point or influence the opinions or behavior of people, often by providing deliberately misleading, propagandistic content.
Propaganda in the Republic of China Propaganda has been an important tool of the Republic of China government since its inception in 1912. It also was an important tool in legitimizing the Kuomintang controlled Republic of China government that retreated from China to Taiwan in 1949.
Propaganda of the deed Propaganda of the deed (or propaganda by the deed, from the French propagande par le fait) is a concept of anarchist origin, which appeared towards the end of the 19th century, that promoted terrorism against political enemies as a way of inspiring the masses and catalyzing revolution. There is no single definition of propaganda of the deed.
Propagandaministerium The Propagandaministerium () (or State Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda), under the direction of Joseph Goebbels, was established by the Nazi regime in Germany during the "Third Reich" to direct and control the content of the press, literature, visual arts, film, theater and music. It exercised control over culture and media.
Propagation (album) [(1994]) is an album by the [[United States|American ambient musician Robert Rich. This album is an expression of Rich’s interest in biology and is a tribute to the proliferation of organic life in all its forms.
Propagation constant For an electromagnetic field mode varying sinusoidally with time at a given frequency, the propagation constant is the logarithmic rate of change, with respect to distance in a given direction, of the complex amplitude of any field component.
Propagation of schema In evolutionary computing such as genetic algorithms and genetic programming, propagation refers to the inheritance of characteristics of one generation by the next. For example, a schema is propagated if individuals in the current generation match it and so do those in the next generation.
Propagation of uncertainty In statistics, propagation of uncertainty (or propagation of error) is the effect of variables' uncertainties (or errors) on the uncertainty of a function based on them. Mainly, the variables are measured in an experiment, and have uncertainties due to measurement limitations (e.
Propagation path obstruction In telecommunication, a propagation path obstruction is a man-made or natural physical feature that lies near enough to a radio path to cause a measurable effect on path loss, exclusive of reflection effects. An obstruction may lie to the side, above, or below the path.
Propagator In quantum mechanics and quantum field theory, the propagator gives the probability amplitude for a particle to travel from one place to another in a given time, or to travel with a certain energy and momentum. Propagators are used to represent the contribution of virtual particles on the internal lines of Feynman diagrams.
Propagator Records Propagator Records is an independent record label based in Birmingham, United Kingdom. It was set up by three friends (Tony Guice, James Davis and Martin Pollard) who met while studying music production and composition at college and university.
Propagule A propagule is any plant material used for the purpose of plant propagation. In asexual reproduction, a propagule may be a woody, semi-hardwood, or softwood cutting, leaf section, or any number of other plant parts.
Propantheline Propantheline bromide is a type of medical agent called an antimuscarinic. It works by blocking the action of the chemical messenger substance acetylcholine on so-called muscarinic receptors present in various smooth muscular tissues.
Propantheline bromide Propantheline bromide is an antimuscarinic agent used for the treatment of excessive sweating (hyperhidrosis), cramps or spasms of the stomach, intestines (gut) or bladder and involuntary urination (enuresis). It can also be used to control the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome and similar conditions.
Propargyl alcohol Propargyl alcohol, or 2-propyn-1-ol, is an organic compound which is a simple alcohol containing an alkyne functional group. Propargyl alcohol is a clear colorless viscous liquid that is miscible with water and most polar organic solvents.
Propædia The one-volume Propædia is the first of three parts of the 15th edition of Encyclopædia Britannica, the other two being the 12-volume Micropædia and the 17-volume Macropædia. The Propædia is intended as a topical organization of the encyclopaedia's contents, complementary to the alphabetical organization of the other two parts.
Propedeuse Upon the introduction of the international bachelor-master system, the Netherlands has maintained a diploma called the propedeuse, often referred to as "P" by students in Dutch. A university or hogeschool is not forced by law to make use of the propedeuse, but nearly all do.
Propeller A propeller is a device which transmits power by converting it into thrust for propulsion of a vehicle such as an aircraft, ship, or submarine though a fluid such as water or air, by rotating two or more twisted blades about a central shaft, in a manner analogous to rotating a screw through a solid. The blades of a propeller act as rotating wings, and produce force through application of both Bernoulli's principle and Newton's third law, generating a difference in pressure between the forward and rear surfaces of the airfoil-shaped blades.
Propeller head In aerospace engineering, the propeller head (or hub) is the central part of the propeller which is mounted on the aircraft engine's reduction gear, and in which the propeller blades are inserted, and which manages blade pitch variation; most of the time (for aerodynamic reasons) covered by some sort of hemispherical or conical spinner.
Propeller Island City Lodge Hotel Located in Berlin, Germany, the Propeller Island City Lodge Hotel is a unique abode consisting of thirty-one completely original and individually designed 'guest rooms' by a small group of artists led by Lars Stroschen. Room numbers in the lodge start from 1 and end at 45, but skip a series of numbers in between.
Propellerheads Propellerheads is a British big beat music band made up of electronic producers Will White and Alex Gifford. The term "Propellerhead" is slang for a nerd, and when Gifford and White heard a friend from California drop this into conversation, they thought it the perfect name for their band.
Propelling nozzle A propelling nozzle is a component of a jet engine that is part of the tailpipe and operates to ensure that the exhaust gas's energy is maximised in the reaction throughout the engine so that the maximum thrust is achieved.
Propensity score In the analysis of treatment effects, suppose that we have a binary treatment T, an outcome Y, and background variables X. The propensity score is defined as the conditional probability of treatment given background variables:
Proper (liturgy) The Proper (Latin proprium) is that part of the Christian liturgy that varies according to the date, either representing an observance within the Liturgical Year, or of a particular saint or significant event. The term is used in contrast to the ordinary, which is that part of the liturgy that is reasonably constant, or at least selected without regard to date, or to the common, which contains those parts of the liturgy that are common to an entire category of saints, such as Apostles or Martyrs.
Proper Forcing Axiom The Proper Forcing Axiom is an axiom in axiomatic set theory, a significant strengthening of the axiom known as Martin's Axiom. A partially ordered set P is emph{proper} if for all regular uncountable cardinals lambda , P preserves stationary subsets of [lambda]^omega .
Proper length In relativistic physics, proper length is an invariant quantity which is the rod distance between spacelike events in a frame of reference in which the events are simultaneous. (Unlike classical mechanics, simultaneity is relative in relativity.
Proper linear model In statistics, a proper linear model is a linear model in which the weights given to the predictor variables are chosen in such a way as to optimize the relationship between the prediction and the criterion. Simple regression analysis is the most common example of a proper linear model.
Proper motion The proper motion of a star is the measurement of its change in position in the sky over time after improper motions are accounted for. This contrasts with radial velocity which is the measurement of the change in distance toward or away from the viewer over time.
Proper orbital elements The proper orbital elements of an orbit are constants of motion of an object in space that remain practically unchanged over an astronomically long timescale. The term is usually used to describe the three quantities:
Properly discontinuous In topology and related branches of mathematics, an action of a group G on a topological space X is called properly discontinuous if every element of X has a neighborhood that moves outside itself under the action of any group element but the trivial element. The action of the deck transformation group of a cover is an example of such action.
Properties of musical modes The modern musical modes consist of seven different scales related to the familiar major and minor keys; each has different properties distinguishing it from the others, and a number of mnemonics for keeping them all straight. These seven modal scales are called Ionian mode, Dorian mode, Phrygian mode, Lydian mode, Mixolydian mode, Aeolian mode and Locrian mode.
Property Property designates those things that are commonly recognized as being the possessions of a person or group. Important types of property include real property (land), personal property (other physical possessions), and intellectual property (rights over artistic creations, inventions, etc.
Property (philosophy) In philosophy, mathematics, and logic, a property is an attribute of an object; thus a red object is said to have the property of redness. The property may be considered a form of object in its own right, able to possess other properties.
Property (programming) In some object-oriented programming languages, a property is a special sort of class member, intermediate between a field (or data member) and a method. You read and write a property just as you read and write a field, but this is (usually) translated to get and set method calls.
Property abstract A property abstract is a collection of legal documents which chronicles activities associated with a particular parcel of land. Generally included are references to deeds, mortgages, wills, probate records, court litigations and tax sales.
Property and civil rights In Canadian constitutional law, section 92(13) of the Constitution Act, 1867 provides the provincial government with the exclusive authority to legislate on matters related to property and civil rights in the Province.civil rights in this context is different from what is understood as civil liberties, instead it refers to tortious and contractual rights This power is generally balanced against the federal power over Trade and Commerce under section 91(2) and the Criminal law power under section 91(27).
Property and Environment Research Center The Property and Environment Research Center, or PERC, is a free market environmentalist think tank based in Bozeman, Montana, United States. Established in 1982 as the Political Economy Research Center, PERC is dedicated to original research on market approaches to resolving environmental problems.

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