Encyclopedia

Prostate cancer staging Prostate cancer staging is the process by which physicians evaluate the spread of prostate cancer. This is important because in a good cancer staging system, the stage of disease helps determine prognosis and assists in selecting therapies.
Prostate massage Prostate massage and prostate milking are terms used to describe the massage or stimulation of the prostate gland in males, either for medical or sexual purposes. The two terms are interchangeable, although "massage" is more frequently used when the purpose is relief of symptoms of chronic prostatitis, and "milking" when the purpose is the reduction of sexual activity or drive through removal of prostatic fluid.
Prostate specific antigen Prostate specific antigen (PSA) is a protein produced by the cells of the prostate gland. PSA is present in small quantities in the serum of normal men, and is often elevated in the presence of prostate cancer and in other prostate disorders.
Prostatectomy A Prostatectomy is the surgical removal of all or part of the prostate gland. Abnormalities of the prostate, such as a tumour, or if the gland itself becomes enlarged for any reason, can restrict the normal flow of urine along the urethra.
Prostatic congestion Prostatic congestion is a medical condition of the prostate gland (prostatosis) that happens when the prostate becomes swollen by excess fluid. The condition often results in a sufferer feeling the urge to urinate frequently.
Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) is a precancerous lesion in the prostate gland which is a precursor of [prostate cancer]. Microscopically, PIN is a collection of irregular cells which are fully contained within the gland structure and have not spread to the surrounding tissue.
Prosthaphaeresis Prosthaphaeresis was an algorithm used in the late 16th century and early 17th century for approximating products using formulas from trigonometry. For the 25 years preceding the invention of the logarithm in 1614, it was the only known generally-applicable way of approximating products quickly.
Prosthesis In medicine, a prosthesis is an artificial extension that replaces a missing body part. Prostheses are typically used to replace parts lost by injury (traumatic) or missing from birth (congenital) or to supplement defective body parts.
Prosthesis (linguistics) Prosthesis or prothesis in linguistics and poetry (Greek pro "pre-" + thesis "putting") is the appending of a consonant, a vowel, or a whole syllable in front of a word, usually to facilitate pronunciation. It is a form of metaplasm.
Prosthetic makeup Prosthetic makeup is the process of using prosthetic sculpting, molding and casting techniques to create advanced cosmetic effects. Prosthetic makeup was revolutionized by Dick Smith in such films as The Godfather.
Prostitute Disfigurement Prostitute Disfigurement is a death metal band from the Netherlands. Formed in 2000 with the name Disfigure, but soon they changed their name to the current Prostitute Disfigurement, and signed to Dismemberment Records.
Prostitution The term prostitution refers to the act of having sexual intercourse or performing other sexual acts, explicitly for material compensation -- normally money, but also other forms of property, including drugs, expensive clothing, jewelery, or real estate. Having multiple clients at the time is not required for being classified as prostitute, but normally is included; a woman who engages in sexual intercourse with one man for support may be distinguished as a mistress.
Prostitution (criminology) In criminology, the research and analysis of prostitution falls within the topic of public order crime. The legal treatment of the social phenomenon is not equal, reflecting differing standards of morality as to the pursuit of pleasure, differing attitudes towards gender roles, and more general concerns with inequality, exploitation, and violence.
Prostitution in ancient Greece Prostitution was a part of daily life in ancient GreeceThis article was originally translated from the French Wikipedia article :fr:Prostitution en Grèce antique 22 May 2006. In the more important cities, and particularly the many ports, it employed a significant proportion of the population and represented one of the top levels of economic activity.
Prostitution in Finland Prostitution is legal in Finland except in public places, pimping is illegal. In June 2006, lawmakers approved a bill which outlaws the buying of sexual services from prostitutes if it is linked to human trafficking
Prostitution in Iceland There was no visible prostitution in Iceland until the 1990s, therefore there was no legal regulation for prostitution. In the mid-90's night clubs, in which women − especially from Eastern Europe − worked not only as barmaids and dancers, but also as prostitutes, especially in Reykjavík.
Prostitution in Japan Prostitution in Japan has a long and varied history. While the Anti-Prostitution Law of 1956 made organised prostitution illegal, various loopholes, liberal interpretations of the law and loose enforcement have allowed the sex industry to prosper and earn an estimated 2.
Prostitution in Russia Tochka (точка) is a popular euphemism for an outdoor market for prostitutes in Moscow and other large Russian cities, a word literally meaning 'point' or 'location' in Russian. (The word "tochka" may also be used in many other contexts.
Prostitution in South Korea Prostitution in South Korea is a large illegal industry. The Ministry of Gender and Family Equality estimated that it comprises over 4% of South Korea's GDP, with revenue exceeding $22 billion"Comfort woman before and after Japanese rule--Korea's sex indusrty"*"A Youthful Mistake", Meredith May, The San Francisco Chronicle, October 8, 2006.
Prostitution in Sweden Prostitution in Sweden is technically illegal, since it is illegal to purchase the service. Sweden is one of the rare countries where prostitution is a crime, but the crime does not lie in the prostitute selling sexual services, but in the customer's buying of such services.
Prostitution in the Czech Republic Ever since the Czechoslovakian Velvet Revolution (1989) led to the creation of the two independent states Czech Republic and Slovakia, prostitution has been on the rise. It is widespread in Prague and areas near the Republic's western borders with Germany and Austria.
Prostitution in the People's Republic of China Shortly after taking power in 1949, the Communist Party of China embarked upon a series of campaigns that purportedly eradicated prostitution from mainland China by the early 1960s. Since the loosening of government controls over society in the early 1980s, prostitution in mainland China not only has become more visible, but can now be found throughout both urban and rural areas.
Prostokvaschino Prostokvaschino is a fictional rural village in central Russia (Простоквашино, from Russian Простоквашa, buttermilk). It serves as the setting of a very popular series of Russian books by Eduard Uspenskiy (Эдуард Успенский) about a lad nicknamed Sir Fyodor who runs away from home to Prostrokvaschino.
Prostomium Prostomium (sometimes also called acron) is the first body segment in annelids worms. It is in front of (but does not include) the mouth, being usually a small shelf- or lip-like extension over the dorsal side of the mouth.
Prostratin Prostratin is a protein kinase C activator found in the bark of certain Samoan trees. Research is showing that prostratin has potential to be useful in the treatment of HIV as it flushes viral reservoirs in latently infected CD4+ T-cells.
Prostration Prostration can mean either: the placement of the body in a reverentially or submissively prone position (for instance, as part of religious or spiritual observance); or, physical or mental exhaustion (for instance, as part of a medical condition).
Prostyle Prostyle is an architectural term defining free standing columns that are widely spaced apart in a row. The term is often used as an adjective when referring to the portico of a classical building which projects from the main structure.
Prosumer Prosumer is a portmanteau formed by contracting either the word producer or professional with the word consumer. The term has taken on multiple conflicting meanings: the business sector sees the prosumer (professional–consumer) as a market segment, whereas economists see the prosumer (producer–consumer) as having greater independence from the mainstream economy.
Prosymnus Prosymnus or Polymnus, in Greek mythology, was a shepherd living near the reputedly bottomless Alcyonian Lake, hazardous to swimmers, which lay in the Argolid, on the coast of the Gulf of Argos, near the prehistoric site of Lerna.
ProScan ProScan was one of the American brand divisions of Thomson Consumer Electronics, with products competing with higher-end electronics. The ProScan line competed with Sony's Trinitron XBR, Pioneer's Elite, and other premium electronics brand lines.
Protagoras (crater) Protagoras is a lunar impact crater that is located on the Mare Frigoris on the northern part of the Moon. To the north-northwest is the slightly larger Archytas crater, and to the southeast is the prominent Aristoteles crater.
Protamine Protamines are small, arginine-rich, nuclear proteins that replace histones late in the haploid phase of spermatogenesis and are believed essential for sperm head condensation and DNA stabilization. Mice, humans, and certain fish have 2 or more different protamines, whereas the sperm of bull, boar, rat, rabbit, guinea pig, and ram have one form of protamine.
Protane Protane is a make of shampoo and conditioner specially packed for Aldi Stores. It is a budget alternative to many other brands on the market, and bears similarities to the more well-known brand, Pantene, with a similar shaped bottle and logo, with both products using the fact that they contain Pro-Vitamin B5 as a principal selling point.
Protap Chunder Mozoomdar Protap Chunder Mozoomdar ( Protap ChĂ´ndro Mojumdar) (1840-1905) was a member of the Hindu reform movement the Brahmo Samaj, and a close associate of Keshub Chandra Sen. He is best known for his research into the "oriental" aspects of the teachings of Jesus.
Protaspididae The protaspididae are an extinct marine family of fish-like vertebrates. The protaspidids existed in the early Devonian period, representing a transitional form between the Pteraspididae and the Psammosteida, bearing the broad head shield shape of the latter, due to a more benthic (bottom-dwelling) existence.
Protège-Moi Protège-Moi is a single from Placebo's compilation album, Once More With Feeling, and was released in France only in 2003. The song is a French version of an earlier song "Protect Me From What I Want" from their 4th album, "Sleeping With Ghosts however the chorus remains in English and the words, "Protège-Moi" are now sung in the background.
Protea (telephone) The Protea telephone plug, sometimes called simply the South African telephone plug, was widely used in South Africa from the 1960s or 1970s until the 1990s. As of 2004, new telephone installations in South Africa use RJ11 plugs (which are sometimes referred to in South Africa as Venus plugs), but Protea plugs are still often encountered in older installations.
Protea cynaroides The King Protea (Protea cynaroides) is a flowering plant. Its flower head (what the layman will call the 'flower') is the largest in the genus Protea: the species is also known as Giant Protea, Honeypot or King Sugar Bush.
Protease Proteases (proteinases, peptidases, or proteolytic enzymes) are enzymes that break peptide bonds between amino acids of proteins. The process is called peptide cleavage, a common mechanism of activation or inactivation of enzymes, especially those involved in blood coagulation or digestion.
Protease inhibitor (biology) In biology and biochemistry, protease inhibitors are molecules that inhibit the function of peptidases (old name: protease, hence the term protease inhibitor). Many naturally-occurring protease inhibitors are proteins.
Protease inhibitor (pharmacology) Protease inhibitors (PIs) are a class of medication used to treat or prevent infection by viruses, including HIV and Hepatitis C. PIs prevent viral replication by inhibiting the activity of protease, an enzyme used by the viruses to cleave nascent proteins for final assembly of new virons.
Protect and Survive Protect and Survive was the title of a series of booklets and a public information film series produced by the British government during the late 1970s and early 1980s dealing with emergency planning for a nuclear war. The phrase also referred to a wider programme of national civil defence.
Protect-Gear The Kerberos Protect-Gear (プロテクトギア, purotekutogia) is a key element of Mamoru Oshii's Kerberos saga, the helmet being used as saga logo. In a similar way the Labor head is used for Oshii's Headgear production team.
Protected area Protected areas are locations which receive protection because of their environmental, cultural or similar value. A large number of kinds of protected area exist which vary by level of protection and by the enabling laws of each country or rules of international organization.
Protected areas of Australia Protected areas of Australia are maintained by the Department of the Environment and Heritage, with the exception of the Great Barrier Reef, which is managed by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, a body within the department. Environment Australia is responsible only for the Commonwealth and off-shore parks in the Australian Capital Territory, the Northern Territory, the Christmas Island Territory, the Cocos (Keeling) Islands Territory, the Norfolk Island Territory and the Australian Antarctic Territory.
Protected areas of California The state of California maintains over 270 protected areas, which include almost one-third of California's scenic coastline, including coastal wetlands, estuaries, beaches, and dune systems. The California State Parks system covers 1.
Protected areas of Canada Protected areas of Canada have been created to protect ecological integrity, as well as to provide areas for recreation and education. Most of the protected areas in Canada are terrestrial; however, there has been a growing focus to also protect coastal areas.
Protected areas of Chile The Protected areas of Chile are areas that have natural beauty or significant protected by the State of Chile. These protected areas cover over 14 million hectares, equivalent to 19% of the territory fo Chile.
Protected areas of the United States The protected areas of the United States are managed by an array of different federal, state, tribal and local level authorities and receive widely varying levels of protection. Some areas are managed as wilderness while others are operated with acceptable commercial exploitation.
Protected Areas of the People's Republic of China Take note that many protected areas in China have multiple official designations, and the statutory boundaries of these multi-designated PAs may be identical or varied. For instance, the boundaries of Huangshan NP are coincided with those of the Huangshan NGP, while the Wuyi Mountains’ NNR, NP and NFP in Fujian are adjacent to each other, and most part of the Heilongjiang's Huzhong NFP is overlapped with the experiment zone of Huzhong NNR.
Protected designation of origin Protected designation of origin (PDO), protected geographical indication (PGI) and Traditional Speciality Guaranteed (TSG) are geographical indications (GIs) defined in European Union Law to protect the names of regional foods. The law (enforced within the EU and being gradually expanded internationally via bilateral agreements of the EU with non-EU countries) ensures that only products genuinely originating in that region are allowed in commerce as such.
Protected distribution system A Protected distribution system (PDS) is a wireline or fiber-optics telecommunication system that includes terminals and adequate acoustical, electrical, electromagnetic, and physical safeguards to permit its use for the unencrypted transmission of classified information.
Protected Extensible Authentication Protocol Protected Extensible Authentication Protocol, Protected EAP, or simply PEAP (pronounced "peep"), is a method to securely transmit authentication information, including passwords, over wired or wireless networks. It was jointly developed by Microsoft, RSA Security and Cisco Systems.
Protected forest A protected forest is a specific term to denote forests with some amount of legal, and / or constitutional protection in certain countries, besides being a generic term to denote forests where the habitat and resident species are legally accorded protection.
Protected Planets Treaty In the science fiction television series Stargate SG-1, the Protected Planets Treaty is an armistice between the Goa'uld and the Asgard in the Stargate universe. The treaty ensures these planets remain free from Goa'uld oppression.
Protected state A protected state held a similar status to that of a protectorate as part of the British Empire, except that it usually had a functioning system of internal self-government. Britain was responsible only for defence and foreign affairs.
Protected Trust Deed The Protected Trust Deed (PTD) is a formal arrangement that is used in Scotland where a consumer debtor grants a ‘deed’ in favour of the trustee which transfers their assets to the trustee for the benefit of creditors.
Protected view A protected view is the legal requirement within urban planning to preserve the view of a specific place or historic building from another location. The effect of a protected view is to limit the height of new buildings within or adjacent to the sightline between the two places so as to preserve the ability to see the landmark as a focus of the view.
Protected Values Protected values are values that people are unwilling to trade off no matter what the benefits of doing so may be. For example, some people may be unwilling to kill anyone even if it means saving many more or cloning for the sake of medical advances.
Protected Video Path The Protected Video Path is a set of technologies first included in Microsoft's Windows Vista operating system that is part of a new "Protected Environment" that is used to enforce digital rights management protections on content.
Protecting power In diplomatic usage, the term protecting power refers to a relationship that may occur when two countries do not have diplomatic relations. Either country may request a third party (with which each country has diplomatic relations) to act as the protecting power.
Protecting the Virtual Commons In 2003, Ruben van Wendel de Joode, Hans de Bruijn, and Michel van Eeten published a paper entitled Protecting the Virtual Commons: Self-organizing Open Source Communities and Innovative Intellectual Property Regimes. The introduction of the paper begins by establishing that the open source and free software virtual communities of the internet are unique virtual communities; unlike others, they have been popular for a long time and have had significant economic impact.
Protection (poker) In poker, one of the motives for betting or raising is to give your hand protection, which means to encourage opponents to fold a drawing hand that might otherwise improve to the best hand. A player generally protects made hands perceived vulnerable to an opponent's drawing hand.
Protection of Homes, Small Businesses, and Private Property Act of 2005 The Protection of Homes, Small Businesses, and Private Property Act of 2005 (S. 1313) is a bill "[t]o protect homes, small businesses, and other private property rights, by limiting the power of eminent domain.
Protection of Natural Amenities Medal The Protection of Natural Amenities Medal (Estonian: Looduskaitsemärk) was an Estonian award conferred to the trustees of Protection of Natural Amenities and other persons who are distinguished in the work of nature protection. Statutes of this award were granted by the President of the Republic, February 27, 1940.
Protection of Trading Interests Act 1980 The Protection of Trading Interests Act 1980 was a piece of legislation passed by the British Parliament to counter American assertions of extra-territorial jurisdiction.Act gives the [[Secretary of State for Trade and Industry] the authority to "give to any person in the United Kingdom who carries on business there such directions for prohibiting compliance" with laws of a foreign state which control or regulate international trade in a way which damages British trading interests.
Protection of Women Against Domestic Violence Act 2005 The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005 was brought into force by the Indian government from October 26, 2006. The Act was passed by the Parliament in August 2005 and assented to by the president on 13th September, 2005.
Protection Profile A Protection Profile (PP) is a document used as part of the evaluation process for the Common Criteria (CC). It is typically created by a user or user community which is an implementation independent specification of information assurance security requirements.
Protection racket A protection racket is an extortion scheme whereby a powerful organization, most often a criminal organization or gang, coerces individuals or businesses to pay protection money which allegedly serves to purchase the organization's "protection" services against various external threats. Those who do not buy into the protection plan are often targeted by criminals existing outside of the organization.
Protectionism Protectionism is the economic policy of restraining trade between nations, through methods such as high tariffs on imported goods, restrictive quotas, a variety of restrictive government regulations designed to discourage imports, and anti-dumping laws in an attempt to protect domestic industries in a particular nation from foreign take-over or competition. This contrasts with free trade, where no artificial barriers to entry are instituted.
Protective security units Protective security units typically provide policing, security, intelligence and bodyguard services for Sovereigns and Princes. They can be contrasted with security services which provide protective security intelligence (such as the Security Service (MI5); and Guards Regiments for the defence of the Sovereign and the metropolis.
Protective sign Protective signs are symbols to be used during an armed conflict to mark persons and objects under the protection of various treaties of International Humanitarian Law (IHL). While their essential meaning can be summarized as "Don't shoot!
Protective tariff A protective tariff is a tariff or tax imposed on goods imported from other countries in an effort to "protect" goods made within the country. It makes foreign goods more expensive than local goods and hopefully less appealing to buy.
Protective trust The Protective Trust is a form of settlement found in England and Wales and several Commonwealth countries. It has marked similarities to asset-protection trusts found in several offshore jurisdictions and US Spendthrift trusts.
Protectograph A protectograph is a simple machine designed to assist a company, bank or induvdual in writing a check. The protectograph is used to leave a numerical or written value impression in the payment amount field of a check that is very difficult to duplicate or alter.
Protector (arcade game) Protector was a videogame developed by Tom Malinowski with artwork by Q-bert's Jeff Lee for the arcade game company Gottlieb. It was also known by numerous other names during its development and test including Argus and Videoman.
Protector (comics) The Protector is a character who replaces Robin temporarily in the 1983 The New Teen Titans Drug issues written by Marv Wolfman and penciled by George PĂ©rez. The book was sponsored by Keebler, and Robin was at the time licensed by Nabisco so the Protector was used as a substitute.
Protector (role variant) The Protector Guardian is one of the 16 role variants the Keirsey Temperament Sorter is based on. David Keirsey originally described the Protector role variant; however, the personality descriptions of Isabel Myers contributed to its development.
Protector General of the Western Regions The Protector General of the Western Regions ( was a Chinese military officer in charge of the Western Regions, roughly today's Xinjiang (everything from Tian Shan to Dunhuang). First set up in 60 BC, it was the highest military position in Western Han Dynasty.
Protector M151 The PROTECTOR M151 Remote Weapon Station, (RWS), is a remotely controlled weapon system that can be mounted to a number of vehicles and stationary platforms. It is produced by Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace.
Protector of Aborigines The role of Protectors of Aborigines was a recommendation of the report of the Select Committee of the House of Commons on Aborigines (British Settlements). On 31 January 1838, Lord Glenelg, Secretary of State for War and the Colonies sent Governor Gipps the report.
Protectorate In international law a protectorate is a political entity (a sovereign state or less developed native polity, such as a tribal chiefstainship or feudal princely state) that formally agrees (voluntarily or under pressure) by treaty to enter into an unequal relationship with another, stronger state, called the protector, which engages to protect it (diplomatically or, if needed, militarily) against third parties, in exchange for which the protectorate usually accepts specified obligations, which may vary greatly, depending on the real nature of their relationship.
Protectorate General to Pacify the East The Protectorate-General to Pacify the East was a military government established at Pyongyang by Tang Dynasty China in 668. It played an important role in the turbulent events of the peninsula in the late 7th century.
Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia The Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (in German: Reichsprotektorat Böhmen und Mähren, in Czech: Protektorát Čechy a Morava) was the ethnic-Czech protectorate which Nazi Germany established in the central parts of Bohemia and Moravia in what is today the Czech Republic. It was established on March 15, 1939 by proclamation of Adolf Hitler from Prague Castle following German occupation of Czechoslovakia.
Protectorate of the Western Regions During Sino-Xiongnu War,The Han Dynasty established this Military-Political-Commercial Center to control the Western Regions and to confront Xiongnu. It is believed to be the first chinese sign of direct rule of Central Asia
Protectory A protectory in a Roman Catholic institution for the shelter and training of the young, designed to afford neglected or abandoned children shelter, food, raiment and the rudiments of an education in religion, morals, science and manual training or industrial pursuits.
Protege of The Game Protege of The Game is the name of a hip-hop album by Philadelphia native hip-hop artist Cyssero. The album features appearances by The Game, Akon and production from Simon Illa, Cool & Dre and the Affiliated Dream Team.
Protein Proteins are relatively large organic compounds made of amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together between the carboxyl atom of one amino acid and the amine nitrogen of another. This bond is called a peptide bond.
Protein biosynthesis Protein biosynthesis (Synthesis) is the process in which cells build proteins. The term is sometimes used to refer only to protein translation but more often it refers to a multi-step process, beginning with amino acid synthesis and transcription which are then used for translation.
Protein catabolism Protein catabolism is the breakdown of proteins into amino acids and simple derivative compounds, for transport into the cell through the plasma membrane and ultimately for the polymerisation into new proteins via the use of ribonucleic acids (RNA) and ribosomes. Protein catabolism, which is the breakdown of macromolecules, is essentially a digestion process.
Protein combining Protein combining (also protein complementing) is the theory, now largely discredited, that vegetarians must eat foods such as beans and rice together, or at least on the same day, so the different amino acids in the foods combine to form a "complete" protein, containing all eight essential amino acids necessary for human growth and maintenance. In fact, all essential amino acids are present in common individual plant foods, including beans, rice, potatoes, and corn.
Protein design Protein design is the design of new protein molecules from scratch. The number of possible amino acid sequences is infinite, but only a subset of these sequences will fold reliably and quickly to a single native state.
Protein disulfide isomerase Protein disulfide isomerase or PDI () is an enzyme in the endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotes or periplasmic space of prokaryotes that catalyzes the formation and breakage of disulfide bonds between cysteine residues within proteins as they fold. This allows proteins to quickly find the correct arrangement of disulfide bonds in their fully folded state and therefore the enzyme acts to catalyze protein folding.
Protein Data Bank The Protein Data Bank (PDB) is a repository for 3-D structural data of proteins and nucleic acids. This data, typically obtained by X-ray crystallography or NMR spectroscopy, is submitted by biologists and biochemists from around the world, is released into the public domain, and can be accessed for free.
Protein engineering Protein engineering is the application of science, mathematics, and economics to the process of developing useful or valuable proteins. It is a young discipline, with much research currently taking place into the understanding of protein folding and protein recognition for protein design principles.
Protein folding Protein folding is the process by which a protein assumes its characteristic functional shape or tertiary structure, also known as the native state. All protein molecules are linear heteropolymers composed of amino acids; this sequence is known as the primary structure.
Protein in nutrition In nutrition, proteins are broken down through digestion that begins in the stomach. Proteins are broken down by enzymes known as proteases into smaller polypeptides to provide amino acids for the organism, including the essential amino acids that the organism cannot biosynthesize itself.
Protein interactions Proteins can interact with many types of molecules. Such interactions are related to their function and are therefore an object of study in molecular biology, and of computational methods of prediction in bioinformatics.
Protein isoform In biology, a protein isoform is a version of a protein with some small differences, usually a splice variant or the product of some posttranslational modification. A good number of isoforms are formed because of presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).
Protein Information Resource The Protein Information Resource (PIR), located at Georgetown University Medical Center (GUMC), is an integrated public bioinformatics resource to support genomic and proteomic research, and scientific studies.

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