Encyclopedia

Public inquiry In the politics and government of Commonwealth states such as Australia, Canada and the United Kingdom, as well as the Republic of Ireland a public inquiry is an official review of events or actions ordered by the government. In some Commonwealth Realms a public inquiry is also known as a Royal Commission.
Public intelligence Public intelligence is associated with the application of Open source intelligence to empower the public in its dealings with all forms of organization, and most especially government. It is an applied variant of Collective intelligence.
Public interest defense In the context of secrecy laws, a public interest defense is a defense which allows a defendant who disclosed classified or protected information to avoid criminality, if he can establish that the public interest in disclosure of the information outweighs the public interest in non-disclosure. This is aimed at protecting whistleblowers of government misconducts.
Public interface A public interface is the logical point at which independent software entities interact. The entities may interact with each other within a single computer, across a network, or across a variety of other topologies.
Public international law Public international law concerns the structure and conduct of states and international organizations. To a lesser degree, international law also affects multinational corporations and individuals, an impact increasingly evolving beyond domestic legal interpretation and enforcement.
Public Illumination Magazine Public Illumination Magazine (PIM) is an artists’ periodical published since 1979. Notable for its tiny size (11 x 7 cm), it features writings and images by pseudonymous contributors on a given topic for each issue.
Public Information Network for Electronic Services The Public Information Network for Electronic Services (also known as PINES) is the statewide online library catalog started by the Georgia Public Library Service. The catalog consists of books from 249 libraries in 127 counties across the state of Georgia with a total item count of around 7.
Public Insight Journalism Public Insight Journalism is a new approach to journalism pioneered by Minnesota Public Radio. It recognizes that broadcast media today operate in a changed media environment, and need to expand the resources available to journalists when deciding what is news and reporting on that news, as well as be responsive to audience desires to participate.
Public Insurance Adjusting Public Insurance Adjusters are (usually American) businesses that help policy holders receive payment from insurance companies. Public adjusters represent clients for a small percentage of the resulting settlement money from the insurance claim.
Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998 The UK's Public Interest Disclosure Act provides a framework of legal protection for individuals who disclose information so as to expose malpractice and matters of similar concern. In the vernacular, it protects whistleblowers from victimisation and dismissal.
Public Interest Environmental Law Conference The Public Interest Environmental Law Conference (PIELC) is held annually in early March at the University of Oregon Law School in Eugene, Oregon, United States. The conference is a gathering of environmental activists, advocates, and students from across the United States and the world.
Public Interest Immunity Public Interest Immunity (PII) is a principle of English common law under which the English courts can grant a court order allowing one litigant to refrain from disclosing evidence to the other litigants where disclosure would be damaging to the public interest. This is an exception to the usual rule that all parties in litigation must disclose any evidence that is relevant to the proceedings.
Public Interest Litigation Public Interest Litigation, in Indian law, means litigation for the protection of public interest. It is litigation introduced in a court of law, not by the aggrieved party but by the court itself or by any other private party.
Public Interest Research Groups Public Interest Research Groups (also known as PIRGs) are political non-profit organizations based in various locations across the United States and Canada. The PIRGs were started when Ralph Nader did a speaking tour of college campuses in the early 1970s calling on students to form stable, lasting organizations with professional staff to work on public interest issues.
Public Interest Watch Public Interest Watch (PIW) was established in September 2002 by Mike Hardiman. The PIW website states that the group was created "in response to the growing misuse of charitable funds by nonprofit organizations and the lack of effort by government agencies to deal with the problem.
Public Ivy "Public Ivy" is an American term for state-funded institutions of higher learning with purportedly excellent academics. Author Richard Moll defined the term to mean a public institution that "provide[s] an Ivy League collegiate experience at a public school price.
Public key certificate In cryptography, a public key certificate (or identity certificate) is a certificate which uses a digital signature to bind together a public key with an identity — information such as the name of a person or an organization, their address, and so forth. The certificate can be used to verify that a public key belongs to an individual.
Public key fingerprint In public-key cryptography, a public key fingerprint is a short sequence of bytes used to authenticate or look up a longer public key. Fingerprints are created by applying a cryptographic hash function to a public key.
Public Knowledge Project The Public Knowledge Project is a non-profit research initiative of the Faculty of Education at the University of British Columbia, the Canadian Centre for Studies in Publishing at Simon Fraser University, and the Simon Fraser University Library. It is focused on the importance of making the results of publicly-funded research freely available through open access policies, and on developing strategies for making this possible.
Public land mobile network In telecommunication, a public land mobile network (PLMN) is a network that is established and operated by an administration or by a recognized operating agency (ROA) for the specific purpose of providing land mobile telecommunications services to the public.
Public lecture A public lecture is one means employed for educating the public in the sciences and medicine. The Royal Institution has a long history of public lectures and demonstrations given by prominent experts in the field.
Public Land Survey System The Public Land Survey System (PLSS) is a method used in the United States to survey and identify land parcels, particularly for titles and deeds of rural, wild or undeveloped land. Its basic units of area are the township and section.
Public Law 62-5 Public Law 62-5, passed by the United States Congress on August 8, 1911, set the number of members of the United States House of Representatives at 435 effective with the 63rd Congress in 1913. It also included a provision for the addition of one seat each for Arizona and New Mexico when they became states.
Public Library of Cincinnati and Hamilton County The Public Library of Cincinnati and Hamilton County (PLCH) is among the largest and busiest public library systems in the world, with its main location in downtown Cincinnati, Ohio, and 41 regional and branch locations throughout Hamilton County. As of 2006, it is the ninth largest library in the United States, holding 9,148,846 volumes.
Public Library of Science The Public Library of Science (PLoS) is a nonprofit open access scientific publishing project aimed at creating a library of open access journals and other scientific literature under an open content license. As of 2006 it publishes PLoS Biology, PLoS Medicine, PLoS Computational Biology, PLoS Genetics and PLoS Pathogens.
Public Library of Youngstown and Mahoning County The Public Library of Youngstown and Mahoning County serves the communities of Mahoning County, Ohio from its administrative offices in Youngstown, Ohio with 15 branches in the cities of Campbell, Canfield, Greenford, Lake Milton, North Jackson, Poland, Sebring, New Middletown, and Struthers. Mahoning County is located 65 miles southeast of Cleveland, Ohio and 62 miles northwest of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
Public management Public management is a perspective on government and non-profit administration which contends that public and private-sector management are alike in most important ways. As such, there are management tools to be taught to bureaucrats--whether public or private--and those are applied to maximizing [government] efficiency and effectiveness.
Public morality Public morality refers to moral and ethical standards enforced in a society, by law or police work or social pressure, and applied to public life, to the content of the media, and to conduct in public places. A famous remark of Mrs Patrick Campbell, that she didn't care what people did as long as they 'didn't frighten the horses' shows that in some sense even high tolerance expects a public limitation on behaviour (sexual conduct is implied here).
Public Money and Management Public Money & Management is a journal published by Blackwell Publishing and edited by Andrew Gray and Professor Jane Broadbent, the Deputy Vice-Chancellor at Roehampton University. Michaela Lavender is the managing editor.
Public Monuments and Sculpture Association The Public Monuments and Sculpture Association, or PMSA, was established in 1991 to bring together individuals and organisations with an interest in public sculptures and monuments, their production, preservation and history.
Public Museum of Grand Rapids The Public Museum, Grand Rapids, Michigan, founded in 1854 as the "Grand Rapids Lyceum of Natural History" in Grand Rapids, Michigan, is among the oldest history museums in the United States. The museum includes a cafe, a gift shop, and a 1928 Spillman Carousel, which is situated in a pavilion over the Grand River.
Public Netbase Public Netbase was a Austrian non-profit internet service provider, web host, and advocate for the development of electronic art. Long a support of avant-garde, sometimes controversial, art and digital culture, the company increasingly came into conflict with the Austrian political establishment during the 1990s.
Public News The Public News is Houston's Arts & Entertainment Newsweekly originally founded in 1982, folded in 1998 and found new life in 2007 as Houston's first digital newspaper that focuses on the arts, entertainment, news, music, and events that affect the 5 million plus inhabitants of Houston, Texas and the surrounding areas.
Public order In urban planning, the notion of "public order" refers to a city containing relatively empty (and orderly) spaces which allow for flexibility in redesiging the city's layout; such perceptions played an important role in the establishments of suburbs. According to this point of view, the traditional notion of a "downtown" is often seen as disorderly.
Public order and internal security in Japan Conditions of public order in Japan compare favorably with those in other industrialized countries. The overall crime rate is low by North American and West European standards and has shown a general decline since the mid-1960s.
Public order crime case law in the United States In criminology, public order crime case law in the United States is essential to understanding how the courts interpret the policy of laws where the moral and social order of the state appears to be threatened by clearly identified behavior.
Public ownership Public ownership (also called government ownership, state ownership or state property) refers to government ownership of any asset, industry, or corporation at any level, national, regional or local (municipal); or, it may refer to common (full-community) non-state ownership. The process of bringing an asset into public ownership is called Nationalization or Municipalization.
Public Officer Public Officer is a term used in Victoria, Australia and many other Australian states to describe the main point-of-contact between a not-for-profit organisation or charity, and the state governing body and respective departments. The not-for-profit organisation or chairty is also registered with the state government in the name of the Public Officer.
Public Official A In Federal Prosecutor Patrick Fitzgerald's investigation of corruption in the State of Illinois, the charge was made that a high-ranking Illinois public official (“Public Official A”), acting through two close associates, was selecting consultants for the private equity funds that appeared before the State Pension Funds. time, two close associates of Illinois Governor Rod Blagojevich], Stuart Levine and [[Antoin Rezko were indicted by the Federal Prosecutor.
Public Opinion Public Opinion is a 1922 book on media and democracy by Walter Lippmann. Among other things, it argues that twentieth century advances in the technology of "the manufacture of consent" amounts to "a revolution" in "the practice of democracy" because this allows the control over public opinion about the world and about the public's interests in that world.
Public Opinion Quarterly Public Opinion Quarterly is an influential scholarly journal published by The American Association for Public Opinion Research. Founded in 1937, it is ranked by ISI as the seventh most important journal in interdisciplinary social science.
Public participation In administrative rulemaking, public participation refers to the process by which proposed rules are subject to public comment for a specified period of time. Public participation is typically mandatory for rules promulgated by executive agencies of the U.
Public participation in patent examination The involvement of the public in patent examination has been proposed to help identifying relevant prior art and, more generally, to help assessing whether patent applications and inventions meet the requirements of patent law, such as novelty, inventive step or non-obviousness, and sufficiency of disclosure.
Public policy (law) Public policy or ordre public is the body of fundamental principles that underpin the operation of legal systems in each state. This addresses the social, moral and economic values that tie a society together: values that vary in different cultures and change over time.
Public property Public property is land which is owned by a government, as opposed to private property, which is owned by non-government parties such as individuals or corporations. In many republican democracies, "public property" is said to be owned by the people as a commons.
Public Participation GIS Public Participation Geographic Information Systems (PPGIS) was born, as a term, in 1996 at the meetings of the National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis (NCGIA) (Sieber 2006). PPGIS is meant to bring the academic practices of GIS and mapping to the local level in order to promote knowledge production.
Public Policy Institute of California Public Policy Institute of California is an independent, nonpartisan, non-profit research institution. Based in San Francisco, California, United States, the institute was established in 1994 with a $70 million endowment from William Reddington Hewlett.
Public Power Corporation The Public Power Corporation or DEI (Δημόσια Επιχείρηση Ηλεκτρισμού Dimosia Epicheirisi Ilektrismou) is a Greek government-owned hydro and energy company which serves electricity and power for all of Greece.
Public Printer of the United States The title of Public Printer of the United States refers to the official head of the Government Printing Office (GPO). Pursuant to USC Title 44, Section 301, this officer must be nominated by the President of the United States and approved by the United States Senate.
Public Prosecution Service for Northern Ireland The Public Prosecution Service for Northern Ireland (PPSNI) is the department of the government of Northern Ireland responsible for public prosecutions of people charged with criminal offences in Northern Ireland. It is headed by the Director of Public Prosecutions for Northern Ireland.
Public reason Public reason is the phrase used by American philosopher John Rawls to refer to the common reason of all citizens in a pluralist society. Public reason is contrasted by Rawls with the nonpublic reason employed by citizens as members of religious associations or as adherents to particular moral and philosophical doctrines.
Public records Public records refers to information that has been filed or recorded by public agencies, such as corporate and property records. Public records are created by the government (vital records, real estate records, driving records, criminal records, etc.
Public relations measurement Public relations measurement is the science that evaluates and anlayzes the results of a public relations program. It is part of the broader field of public relations research and includes survey research, on-line research and media content analysis.
Public relations preparations for 2003 invasion of Iraq The Rendon Group, a Washington, DC based public relations firm with close ties to the US government, and which has had a prominent role in promoting the Iraqi National Congress, was alleged by some journalists to be planning to support the 2003 invasion of Iraq by a careful public relations campaign.
Public Radio Exchange The Public Radio Exchange (PRX) is a nonprofit web-based platform for digital distribution, review, and licensing of radio programs. PRX is the largest on-demand catalog of public radio programs available for broadcast and Internet use.
Public Radio Fan Public Radio Fan is a web portal resource for the location of all public radio resources around the world. The website enables users to locate public radio resources by name, location, format, language and other means.
Public Radio International Public Radio International, or PRI, is a Minneapolis-based public radio organization. PRI distributes public radio programs like This American Life and co-produces the global news program The World (radio program).
Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act The Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act (PREPA), passed by the United States Congress and signed into law by President of the United States George W. Bush in December, 2005, is a controversial tort liability shield intended to protect vaccine manufacturers from financial risk in the event of a declared public health emergency.
Public Record Office The Public Record Office (PRO) of the United Kingdom is one of the two organisations that make up the National Archives (the other is the Historical Manuscripts Commission). The name is no longer used officially, though many scholars prefer to continue to use it since there is the possibility of confusion with the National Archives of several other countries, including the USA.
Public Register of All Arms and Bearings in Scotland The Public Register of All Arms and Bearings in Scotland was established by Act of the Scottish Parliament in 1672. The register is held at the Court of the Lord Lyon and contains every grant of arms since that date.
Public Register of Arms, Flags and Badges of Canada The Public Register of Arms, Flags and Badges of Canada contains the heraldic emblems that have been granted, registered, approved or confirmed by the Canadian Heraldic Authority since its inception on June 4, 1988. In 2005, the Canadian Heraldic Authority began the process of creating a digital version of the register available online.
Public Relations Exercise Public Relations Exercise is a Leicester, England based Hardcore/Alternative outfit. The energetic 5 piece combine aspects of Screamo and Math Rock styles, layered with penatrative and socially observant vocals.
Public Relations Society of America The Public Relations Society of America (PRSA), based in New York City, is the world's largest organization for public relations professionals. The organization has more than 30,000 professional and student members, and is organized into 112 chapters nationwide.
Public sector borrowing requirement Public sector borrowing requirement (PSBR) is the old name for the budget deficit in the United Kingdom. The budget deficit has been renamed to the public sector net cash requirement (PSNCR) avoid confusion with net borrowing.
Public service advertising Public service advertising is the use of commercial advertising techniques for non-commercial purposes (see also propaganda). Typical topics for public service advertising include public health/public safety issues, emergency preparedness instructions, natural resources conservation information, and other topics of broad interest.
Public service broadcasting in the United Kingdom In the United Kingdom the term "public service broadcasting" (PSB) refers to broadcasting intended for the public benefit rather than for purely commercial concerns. The communications regulator Ofcom, requires that certain television and radio broadcasters fulfil certain requirements as part of their licence to broadcast.
Public service of the Republic of Ireland The public service of the Republic of Ireland consists of agencies, which while not formally part of a Department of State, provide services on behalf of the government. Their functions range from regulating sectors of the economy, to defending and policing the nation.
Public school The term public school has different (and in some cases contradictory) meanings due to regional differences. In the USA and many other countries, it refers to a government-funded primary or secondary school; in other countries, it can refer to government-funded higher education; in the United Kingdom it refers to certain elite, private secondary schools.
Public school systems in Aurora, Illinois Two main school systems have served the Kane County, Illinois core location of Aurora, Illinois since the 1860s, one on either side of the Fox River which physically divides the city. In addition, the far eastern portion of Aurora, within DuPage County, Illinois, has been served by Indian Prairie School District (IPSD) 204 since that district's formation in 1972.
Public sociology Public sociology is an approach to the discipline which seeks to transcend the academy and engage wider audiences. Rather than being defined by a particular method, theory, or set of political values, public sociology may be understood as a style of sociology, a way of writing and a form of intellectual engagement.
Public speaking Public speaking is speaking to a group of people in a structured, deliberate manner intended to inform, influence, or entertain the listeners. In public speaking, as in any form of communication, there are five basic elements, often expressed as "who is saying what to whom utilizing what medium with what effects?
Public sphere The public sphere is a concept in continental philosophy and critical theory that contrasts with the private sphere, and is the part of life in which one is interacting with others and with society at large. In Civil Society and the Political Public Sphere, philosopher JĂĽrgen Habermas defines the public sphere as "a network for communicating information and points of view" which eventually transforms them into a public opinion.
Public squares in Goa The public square of a community in Goa (especially in Salcette) is the church square and its immediate surroundings. This space is usually at the evolutionary center of the community and occupies an important place in its spatial hierarchy.
Public switched telephone network The public switched telephone network (PSTN) is the network of the world's public circuit-switched telephone networks, in much the same way that the Internet is the network of the world's public IP-based packet-switched networks. Originally a network of fixed-line analog telephone systems, the PSTN is now almost entirely digital, and now includes mobile as well as fixed telephones.
Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness Canada Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness Canada, legally incorporated as the federal Department of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness, is the department of the government of Canada with responsibility for protecting Canadians and helping to maintain a peaceful and safe society.
Public Scout and Girl Guide Movement The Public Scout and Girl Guide Movement () is the national Scouting organization of Libya. It was founded in 1954, and became a member of the World Organization of the Scout Movement in 1958 and of the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts in 1981.
Public Sector Management Program The Public Sector Management Program, or PSMP, is a cooperative tertiary management learning approach used by the State and Territory Governments of Australia in cooperation with the Australian Federal Government.
Public Security Bureau In the People's Republic of China, Public Security Bureau () or PSB refers to government offices that handle things such as policing, security and social order, but also issues such as residence registration as well as immigration and travel affairs of foreigners.
Public Security Section 9 Public Security Section 9 (Japanese: 公安9課, Kōan Kyūka), also referred to as Public Safety Section 9 in some translations, is a fictional intelligence department under the Ministry of Home Affairs from Masamune Shirow's Ghost in the Shell anime and manga series.
Public Service (EP) Public Service is a compilation EP released in 1981 on Smoke 7 Records with songs by Hardcore punk bands Bad Religion, Circle One, Disability, RF7 and Redd Kross (here still named "Red Cross"). The album was re-released in 2003 on the Puke & Vomit label.
Public Service Commission (Singapore) The Public Service Commission (PSC), Singapore (Malay : Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Awam Singapura), is constituted under Part IX of the Constitution of Singapore and its constitutional role is to appoint, confirm, promote, transfer, dismiss and exercise disciplinary control over public officers in Singapore.
Public Service Electric and Gas Company The Public Service Electric and Gas Company (commonly known as PSE&G, and originally known as the Public Service Corporation of New Jersey) () is a regulated, publicly owned gas and electric utility company in the state of New Jersey, USA. It is New Jersey's oldest and largest publicly owned utility.
Public Service Railway The Public Service Railway, owned by the Public Service Corporation of New Jersey, operated most of the streetcar lines in New Jersey by the early 20th century. Public Service lines stretched from northeast New Jersey to Trenton, and then south to Camden and its suburbs.
Public Service Staff Relations Board The Public Service Labour Relations Board (French: Commission des relations de travail dans la fonction publique) is an independent, quasi-judicial statutory tribunal responsible for administering the collective bargaining and grievance adjudication systems in the Canadian federal public service and Parliament. The Board also provides mediation and conciliation services to help parties resolve differences without resorting to a formal hearing.
Public School Boards' Association of Alberta The Public School Boards' Association of Alberta (PSBAA) is a not-for-profit society, the members of which are school jurisdictions (mostly public school jurisdictions) in Alberta, Canada. The membership criteria for the Association require a school jurisdiction, providing either public education or separate school education, to affirm two characteristics of public education: that it is inclusive as a matter of conviction and by design; and, that it is a deliberate model of a community and, by choice, primarily a model of a civil democratic community.
Public Schools Accountability Act The Public Schools Accountability Act (PSAA) was passed in California in 1999 as the first step in developing a comprehensive system to hold students, schools, and districts accountable for improving student performance.
Public Schools Act 1868 The Public Schools Act 1868 was passed by the UK Parliament to regulate nine major English boys' schools. In the era that the act was passed, the schools to which it applied educated the majority of the sons of the British upper class.
Public Schools Battalion The Public Schools Battalion was a British First World War Pals battalion of Kitchener's Army, originally made up exclusively of former public schoolboys. When the battalion was taken over by the British Army it was officially named the 16th Battalion, The Middlesex Regiment.
Public Speaking and Influencing Men In Business Public Speaking and Influencing Men In Business (ISBN 0-7661-6973-1) is a public speaking book written by Dale Carnegie and first published in 1913, with numerous revised editions published later. The main focus of this book is to present a thorough understanding of the principles of public speaking, as well as guidance into conquering the fears attributed to public speaking.
Public Square Street Public Square Street (眾坊街, formerly 公眾四方街) is a street in Yau Ma Tei, Kowloon, Hong Kong. The street runs in an east-west alignment from Cliff Road to Ching Ping Street, meeting Nathan Road, Temple Street, Shanghai Street, Reclamation Street and Canton Road in its course.
Public Storage Public Storage (), a real estate investment trust (REIT), is one of the largest self-storage companies in the United States with headquarters in Glendale, CA, with interests in more than 1,400 storage facilities in more than 35 states. The firm's self-storage properties, located in densely populated areas, generate some 97% of the company's sales.
Public Stunts Private Stories Public Stunts Private Stories is an authorized biography of Canadian alternative rock group Barenaked Ladies. The book is written by friend of the band and fellow "Scarberian" Paul Myers, brother of actor Mike Myers.
Public transport Public transport, public transportation, public transit or mass transit comprises all transport systems in which the passengers do not travel in their own vehicles. While it is generally taken to include rail and bus services, wider definitions would include scheduled airline services, ferries, taxicab services etc.
Public transport in Debrecen Public transport in Debrecen is provided by two companies, DKV and Hajdú Volán. Trams and trolleybuses are operated by DKV (short for Debreceni Közlekedési Vállalat – Public Transport Company of Debrecen; complete name is DKV Rt.
Public transport in Frankfurt am Main The public transit system in Frankfurt consists of several carriers who all utilise the same fare system. Therefore, one ticket is valid for a journey which may include several modes of transit run by different operators.
Public transport in Helsinki Public transport in Helsinki consists of bus, tram, metro, train, and ferry services. The system is managed by Helsinki City Transport (HKL) for the lines that remain in Helsinki and by Helsinki Metropolitan Area Council (YTV) for the routes running in several municipalities.
Public transport in Kuala Lumpur Public transport in Kuala Lumpur and the rest of the Klang Valley covers a variety of transport modes such as bus, rail and taxi. The Government of Malaysia has spent millions of ringgit to improve the quality and availability of public transport in the Klang Valley area, including constructing a new Light Rail Transit line.
Public transport in metropolitan New South Wales Metropolitan New South Wales, comprising Sydney and its surrounding regions, is served by an extensive network of public transport services. According to the New South Wales State Plan, the state has Australia's largest public transport system.
Public transport in Mumbai Public Transport in Mumbai involves the transport of millions of its citizens by train, road and water. Over 88% Mumbai Urban Transport Project of the commuters in Mumbai prefer to use public transport (suburban trains or buses) since it is most convenient, efficient, cheap and punctual.
Public transport in Stockholm Public transport in Stockholm consists of bus, metro, regional/suburban rail, light rail, tram and archipelago boat operation in Stockholm County, Sweden. The bus and rail is organized by Storstockholms Lokaltrafik (Greater Stockholm Public Transport) SL, which is owned by the Stockholm County Council].

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