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Parti ouvrier canadien In the March 31 , 1958 Canadian federal election, Jean-Jacques Rouleau, who listed his profession as â€technician’, unsuccessfully sought election in Chapleau riding in Ontario as a candidate of the Parti ouvrier canadien (Canadian worker’s party). He won 204 votes, 0.
Parti ouvrier-progressiste (Quebec) The Parti ouvrier-progressiste (in English: Labour Progressive Party) is the name under which the Parti Communiste du Québec ran candidates from 1944 to 1956, after the banning of the Communist Party of Canada in 1941. Its English counterpart was the Labour Progressive Party which, federally, elected Fred Rose to the Canadian House of Commons from the Montreal riding of Cartier in 1943.
Parti pour l'Organisation d'une Bretagne Libre The Parti pour l'Organisation d'une Bretagne Libre ("Party for the Organization of a Free Brittany") is a Breton political party that advocates political sovereignty for Brittany. Its initials "POBL" form a backronym, as the word pobl in Breton means "people" or "community".
Parti pour la république du Canada (Québec) The Parti pour la république du Canada (Québec) (in English: Party for the Commonwealth of Canada (Quebec)) was the Quebec branch of the Party for the Commonwealth of Canada, a Canadian political party formed by supporters of U.S.
Parti Parikatha Parti Parikatha is a Hindi novel written by Phanishwar Nath Renu. The story revolves around a motley group of characters in a remote village of North Eastern Bihar in the backdrom of Zamindari (landlordism) Abolition movement.
Parti Populaire des Putes Parti Populaire des Putes (rough translation would be the Popular Party of Whores, known as the "Hooker Party") is a federal political party based in Montreal, Quebec, Canada; it promotes the rights of sex trade workers. Its main goals are to decriminalize responsible prostitution in Canada and to promote a positive image of the prostitute in Canadian society as they seek to destroy the more negative stereotypes.
Parti Populaire Français The Parti Populaire Français (French Popular Party) (28th June, 1936–February 22, 1945) was a fascist political party led by Jacques Doriot before and during World War Two. It is generally regarded as the farthest to the right, most pro-Nazi, of France's collaborationist parties.
Parti Québécois The Parti Québécois or PQ is a political party that advocates national sovereignty for the Canadian province of Quebec and secession from Canada, as well as social democratic policies and has traditionally had support from the labour movement. Unlike many other social democratic parties, it has no formal ties with the labour movement or labour unions.
Parti Québécois leadership election, 1985 The Parti Québécois leadership election of 1985 was held to elect a new leader of the Parti Québécois, the main sovereigntist and social democratic political party in Quebec, Canada. It elected Pierre-Marc Johnson at the helm of the party.
Parti Québécois leadership election, 2005 The Parti Québécois leadership election of 2005 was held from November 13 to November 15, 2005 to elect the new leader of the Parti Québécois, the main sovereigntist and social democratic political party in Quebec, Canada.
Parti républicain du Québec The Parti républicain du Québec or PRQ (in English: Quebec Republican Party) was a political party that advocated the independence of Quebec from Canada. The PRQ was founded on November, 1962 by Marcel Chaput, who was also one of the founders of the Rassemblement pour l'indépendance nationale in 1960.
Parti rouge The Parti rouge (alternatively known as the parti democratique) was formed in what is now Quebec, Canada, around 1848 by radical French-Canadians inspired by the ideas of Louis-Joseph Papineau, the Institut canadien de Montréal, and the reformist movement lead by the Parti patriote of the 1830s.
Parti social démocratique du Québec The Parti social démocratique du Québec (PSD) was the Quebec wing of the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation. It was founded in 1939 as the Fédération du Commonwealth Coopératif and was led by Thérèse Casgrain from 1951 to 1957 and by Michel Chartrand from 1957 to 1960.
Partia Demokratyczna – demokraci.pl The Democratic Party (Partia Demokratyczna – demokraci.pl) is a social liberal party in Poland, publicly announced on February 28 and formally established on May 9, 2005 as an "enlargement" of the Freedom Union (Unia Wolności), which it legally succeeds.
Partial class A partial class, or partial type, is a feature of some object oriented computer programming languages in which the declaration of a class may be split across multiple source-code files, or multiple places within a single file.
Partial derivative In mathematics, a partial derivative of a function of several variables is its derivative with respect to one of those variables with the others held constant (as opposed to the total derivative, in which all variables are allowed to vary). Partial derivatives are useful in vector calculus and differential geometry.
Partial differential equation In mathematics, a partial differential equation (PDE) is a relation involving an unknown function of several independent variables and its partial derivatives with respect to those variables. Partial differential equations are used to formulate and solve problems that involve unknown functions of several variables, such as the propagation of sound or heat, electrostatics, electrodynamics, fluid flow, elasticity, or more generally any process that is distributed in space, or distributed in space and time.
Partial discharge In electrical engineering, a partial discharge (PD) is a localised dielectric breakdown of a small portion of a solid or liquid electrical insulation system under high voltage stress. While a corona discharge is usually revealed by a relatively steady glow or brush discharge in air, partial discharges within an insulation system may or may not exhibit visible discharges, and discharge events tend to be more sporadic in nature than corona discharges.
Partial equilibrium A partial equilibrium is a special case of the general economic equilibrium, where the clearance on the market of some specific goods is obtained independently from prices and quantities demanded and supplied on other goods' markets.
Partial fraction In algebra, the partial fraction decomposition or (partial fraction expansion) is used to reduce the degree of either the numerator or the denominator of a rational function. The outcome of partial fraction expansion expresses that function as a sum of fractions, where:
Partial fraction decomposition Partial fraction decompostion is a theorem in algebra which states that a rational function can be decomposed into a polynomial plus a sum of proper fractions, each of which is either a constant over a power of a linear polynomial or a linear polynomial over a power of an irreducible quadratic polynomial.
Partial fraction decomposition over the reals In mathematics, partial fractions are used in real-variable integral calculus to find real-valued antiderivatives of rational functions. The partial fraction decomposition of real rational functions is also used for Laplace transforms.
Partial fractions in complex analysis In complex analysis, a partial fraction expansion is a way of writing a meromorphic function f(z) as an infinite sum of rational functions and polynomials. When f(z) is a rational function, this reduces to the usual method of partial fractions.
Partial fractions in integration In integral calculus, the use of partial fractions is required to integrate the general rational function. Any rational function of a real variable can be written as the sum of a polynomial function and a finite number of partial fractions.
Partial function In mathematics, a partial function is a binary relation that associates each element of a set, sometimes called its domain, with at most one element of another (possibly the same) set, called its codomain. However, not every element of the domain has to be associated with an element of the codomain.
Partial hospitalization Partial hospitalization is a type of program used to treat mental illness and substance abuse. In partial hospitalization, the patient continues to reside at home, but commutes to a treatment center up to seven days a week.
Partial isometry In functional analysis a partial isometry is a linear map W between Hilbert spaces H and K such that the restriction of W to the orthogonal complement of its kernel is an isometry. We call the orthogonal complement of the kernel of W the initial subspace of W, and the range of W is called the final subspace of W.
Partial least squares regression In statistics, the method of partial least squares regression (PLS-regression) bears some relation to principal component analysis; instead of finding the hyperplanes of maximum variance, it finds a linear model describing some predicted variables in terms of other observable variables.
Partial molar volume Partial molar volumes are applicable to real mixtures, including solutions, in which the volumes of the separate, initial components do not sum to the total. This is generally the case, in distinction to the paradigm of ideal mixtures.
Partial order reduction In computer science, partial order reduction is a technique for reducing the size of the state-space to be searched by a model checking algorithm. It exploits the commutativity of concurrently executed transitions, which result in the same state when executed in different orders.
Partial plan In formal AI planning, a partial plan is a plan which specifies all actions that need to be taken, but does not specify an exact order for the actions where the order does not matter. For example, a plan for baking a cake might start:
Partial redundancy elimination In compiler theory, Partial redundancy elimination (PRE) is a compiler optimization that eliminates expressions that are redundant on some but not necessarily all paths through a program. PRE is a form of common subexpression elimination (CSE).
Partial template specialization Partial template specialization is a method of optimizing generic code at compile time. Usually used in reference to the C++ language, it allows the programmer to specialize only some of a template class's parameters.
Partial thromboplastin time The partial thromboplastin time (PTT) or activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT or APTT) is a performance indicator measuring the efficacy of both the intrinsic and the common coagulation pathways. Apart from detecting abnormalities in blood clotting, it is also used to monitor the treatment effects with heparin, a major anticoagulant.
Partial Test Ban Treaty The Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests In The Atmosphere, In Outer Space And Under Water, often abbreviated as the Partial Test Ban Treaty (PTBT), Limited Test Ban Treaty (LTBT), or Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (NTBT) (although the latter also refers to the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty) is a treaty prohibiting all test detonations of nuclear weapons except underground. It was developed both to slow the arms race (nuclear testing is necessary for continued nuclear weapon advancements), and to stop the excessive release of nuclear fallout into the planet's atmosphere.
Partial veil Partial veil is a mycological term which describes a structure of some mushrooms which protects the developing gills or other spore-producing surface. A partial veil, in contrast to a universal veil, is attached to the stipe (stalk) and edge of the pileus (cap).
Partial verdict A partial verdict, in criminal law, is when the jury finds the defendant guilty (or acquits him, or both on different counts) on one or more, but not all, of the counts against him.term may also be used in criminal or civil procedure for when the judge permits a jury to return verdicts on less than all of the counts it has to decide, though it has not yet determined the remainder (and, it is possible, may never so determine).
Partial virtualization Partial virtualization, in computer science, is a virtualization technique used to implement a certain kind of virtual machine environment: one that provides a partial simulation of the underlying hardware. Most but not all of the hardware features are simulated, yielding virtual machines in which some but not all software can be run without modification.
Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act of 1995 The Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act was a bill introduced in the Congress of the United States in 1995 which prohibited intact dilation and extraction, sometimes referred to by the non-medical term partial-birth abortion, which the Act described as "an abortion in which the person performing the abortion partially vaginally delivers a living fetus before killing the fetus and completing the delivery". The bill was passed by both houses of Congress, but then vetoed by US President Bill Clinton.
Partially guyed tower Partially guyed towers are tower structures, which consist of a free-standing basement, in most cases of concrete or of lattice steel with a guyed mast on the top. The anchor basements of the guyed mast can there be on the top of the tower or on the ground.
Partially observable Markov decision process A Partially Observable Markov Decision Process (POMDP) is an extension of a Markov Decision Process. POMDPs are used for choosing actions when the entire world, or state space, is not always directly observable.
Partially ordered set In mathematics, especially order theory, a partially ordered set (or poset) is a set equipped with a partial order relation. This relation formalizes the intuitive concept of an ordering, sequencing, or arrangement of the set's elements.
Partible inheritance Partible inheritance is a general term applied to systems of inheritance in which property may be divided between heirs. It contrasts in particular with primogeniture, which requires that the whole inheritance passes to the eldest son, and with agnatic seniority where the succession passes to next senior male.
Partibrejkers The Partibrejkers (Partybreakers) are a garage rock band from Belgrade, sometimes cited as the founders of YU garage rock. It is difficult to categorize them as their influences are diverse, such as the Stooges, MC5, early Rolling Stones or New York Dolls - all spiced up with a healthy dose of blues, rhythm-and-blues (in the '50s and '60s sense - not contemporary R&B) and rock'n'roll.
Participant evolution Participant evolution is a process of deliberately redesigning the human body and brain using technological means, with the goal of removing "biological limitations." The idea of participant evolution was first put forward by Manfred E.
Participant observation Participant observation is a set of research strategies which aim to gain a close and intimate familiarity with a given group of individuals (such as a religious, occupational, or subcultural group, or a particular community) and their practices through an intensive involvement with people in their natural environment, often though not always over an extended period of time. The method originated in field work of social anthropologists, especially Bronisław Malinowski and his students in Britain, the students of Franz Boas in the US, and in the urban research of the Chicago School.
Participating Preferred Stock Participating preferred stock is capital stock which provides a specific dividend that is paid before any dividends are paid to common stock holders, and which takes precedence over common stock in the event of a liquidation. It is used by private equity investors and venture capital firms but not very often.
Participation (decision making) Participation in political science is an umbrella term including different means for the public to directly participate in political, economical or management decisions. The term is also used in management theory (as in "participatory management") to denote a style of management that calls for a high level of participation of workers and supervisors in decisions that affect their work.
Participation Age The Participation Age is term which describes the changes in societies and economies brought on by open source software projects, social software, and Web 2.0 technologies, as well as increasing access to the Internet and network services via web enabled mobile phones.
Participation constraint (mechanism design) In mechanism design, participation constraints or rational participation constraints are said to be satisfied if a mechanism leaves all participants at least as well off as they would have been if they hadn't participated.
Participation dance Participation dance, also known as group-participation dance or audience participation dance, is a major category or classification of dance forms or dance styles based on purpose. The purpose of this type of dance is to actively encourage dancing (participation) in a group.
Participation mortgage A participation mortgage is a mortgage wherein the lender, or mortgagee, is entitled to share in the rental or resale proceeds from a property owned by the borrower, or mortgagor. A participation mortgage may or may not require principal and interest payments, and may or may not contain a balloon payment.
Participation of Ceylon in World War II After the outbreak of the Second World War, in the British Crown Colony of Ceylon (Sri Lanka), the collaborationist government of Sir Baron Jayatilleke assured the British King and his government of its continued support. British soldiers and sailors had been in occupation of the coastal areas of the island since 1796.
Participatory action research Participatory action research has emerged in recent years as a significant methodology for intervention, development and change within communities and groups. It is now promoted and implemented by many international development agencies and university programs, as well as countless local community organizations around the world.
Participatory budgeting Participatory budgeting is a process of democratic deliberation and decision-making, in which ordinary city residents decide how to allocate part of a municipal or public budget. Participatory budgeting is usually characterized by several basic design features: identification of spending priorities by community members, election of budget delegates to represent different communities, facilitation and technical assistance by public employees, local and higher level assemblies to deliberate and vote on spending priorities, and the implementation of local direct-impact community projects.
Participatory Culture Foundation The Participatory Culture Foundation (PCF) is a non-profit organization founded in February 2005 and based in Worcester, Massachusetts. The organization's mission is to "enable and support independent, non-corporate creativity and political engagement".
Participatory democracy Participatory democracy is a process emphasizing the broad involvement of constituents in the direction and operation of political systems. While etymological roots imply that all governments deserving the name "democracy" would rely on the participation of their citizens (the Greek demos and kratos combine to suggest that "the people rule"), traditional representative democracies tend to limit citizen participation to voting, leaving the main work of governance to a professional political elite.
Participatory design Participatory design is an approach to design that attempts to actively involve the end users in the design process to help ensure that the product designed meets their needs and is usable. It is rooted in work with trade unions in several Scandinavian countries in the 1960s and 1970s; its ancestry also includes Action research and Sociotechnical Design.
Participatory development communication Participatory development communication refers to the use of mass media and traditional, inter-presonal means of communication that empowers communities to visualise aspirations and discover solutions to their development problems and issues.
Participatory economics Participatory economics, often abbreviated parecon, is a proposed economic system that uses participatory decision making as an economic mechanism to guide the allocation of resources and consumption in a given society. Proposed as an alternative to contemporary capitalist market economies and also an alternative to centrally planned socialism or coordinatorism, it is described as "an anarchistic economic vision"Albert, Michael Parecon: Life After Capitalism Chapter 19 Individuals / Society.
Participatory epistemology Participatory Epistemology is a relatively new philosophical concept, paradigmatically articulated by Richard Tarnas and elaborated specifically in relation to Transpersonal psychology by Jorge Ferrer, Christopher Bache, and others. The Participatory Epistemology is constituted in the recognition that meaning is neither outside of the human mind, that is, in the "objective" world waiting to be discovered (the paradigmatically Modern/Structuralist worldview), nor that meaning is simply constructed or projected onto an inherently meaningless world by the "subjective" human mind (the paradigmatically Postmodern/Poststructuralist worldview).
Participatory management Participatory management is the practice of empowering employees to participate in organizational decision making. This practice grew out of the human relations movement in the 1920s, and is based on some of the principles discovered by scholars doing research in management and organization studies, such as the Hawthorne Effect.
Participatory Media Participatory Media include (but aren't limited to) blogs, wikis, RSS, tagging and social bookmarking, music-photo-video sharing, mashups, podcasts, participatory video projects and videoblogs. These distinctly different media share three common, interrelated characteristics:
Participatory notes Participatory notes (PNs') are instruments used by investors or hedge funds that are not registered with SEBI (Securities & Exchange Board of India) to invest in Indian securities. Indian based brokerages buy India based securities and then issue PN's to foreign investors.
Participatory rural appraisal Participatory rural appraisal (PRA) is an approach used by non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and other agencies involved in international development. The approach aims to incorporate the knowledge and opinions of rural people in the planning and management of development projects and programmes.
Participatory technology development Participatory technology development (PTD) is an approach to learning and innovation that is used in international development as part of projects and programmes relating to sustainable agriculture. The approach involves collaboration between researchers and farmers in the analysis of agricultural problems and testing of alternative farming practices.
Participatory video The basis of this article was kindly provided by Insight and taken with permission from their book "Insight's into Participatory Video: a handbook for the field". Feel free to add to the below and edit as you wish!
Participial nominalization The participial nominalization of a sentence is a noun phrase describing the state of affairs reported by the sentence. The main noun of the noun phrase is the participial form of the main verb of the sentence in simple sentences.
Participle In linguistics, a participle is a non-finite verb form that can be used in compound tenses or voices, or it can be used as a modifier. Participles often share properties with other parts of speech, in particular adjectives and nouns.
Partick Central railway station Partick Central railway station was a railway station serving the Partick area of the city of Glasgow. Built in the 1890s by the Lanarkshire and Dunbartonshire Railway Company it sat on a line that ran along the north bank of the River Clyde from Stobcross to Dumbarton.
Partick station Partick station is a combined railway station and underground station in the Partick area of Glasgow, Scotland. It, along with an adjacent bus station, forms one of the main transport hubs in Glasgow with regular services to many locations in Greater Glasgow and wider Strathclyde.
Partick Thistle F.C. Partick Thistle Football Club is a Scottish professional football club from the city of Glasgow. Despite their name, the club are actually based in the Maryhill area of the city, and haven't played in Partick itself since 1908.
Partick West railway station Partick West railway station served the Partick area of the city of Glasgow, particularly the Thornwood section of Partick. It was a four platform station on the Lanarkshire and Dunbartonshire Railway, with two platforms on a east-west line with services between Dumbarton and Glasgow city centre and a further two platforms on a north-south line with services between Maryhill and the city centre.
Partickhill Partickhill is a small residential area of the Partick district of the city of Glasgow. Located to the north of Partick, south of Hyndland and west of Hillhead, it contains mixed housing stock of tenemental type property and villa style houses, as well as some terraced homes.
Particle (ecology) In marine and freshwater ecology, a particle is a small object. Particles can remain in suspension in the ocean or freshwater, however they eventually settle (rate determined by Stokes' law) and accumulate as sediment.
Particle acceleration In a compressible sound transmission medium - mainly air - air particles get an accelerated motion: the particle acceleration or sound acceleration with the symbol a in metre/second². In acoustics or physics, acceleration (symbol: a) is defined as the rate of change (or time derivative) of velocity.
Particle astrophysics Particle astrophysics can be defined as the border between particle physics and cosmology (for example, the physics of the early universe, baryogenesis, cosmological nucleosynthesis, dark matter, monopoles, the origin of structure), particle and stellar physics (for example, solar neutrinos, supernovae neutrinos), and particle physics and high energy astrophysics (from compact objects to high energy cosmic rays).
Particle beam A particle beam is an accelerated stream of charged particles or atoms (often moving at very near the speed of light) which may be directed by magnets and focused by electrostatic lenses, although they may also be self-focusing (see Pinch).
Particle board Particle board (sometimes called chipboard in the UK) is an engineered wood product manufactured from wood particles, such as wood chips, sawmill shavings, or even saw dust, and a synthetic resin or other suitable binder, which is pressed and extruded. Particle board is a type of fiberboard, a composite material, but it is made up of larger pieces of wood than medium-density fibreboard and hardboard.
Particle decay Many fundamental particles (including quarks and leptons) have finite lifetimes, after which they decay into lower-mass particles. This process continues until stable particles (electrons, or up and down quarks) are produced.
Particle detector In experimental and applied particle physics, a particle detector, also known as a radiation detector, is a device used to detect, track, and/or identify high-energy particles, such as produced by nuclear decay, cosmic radiation, or reactions in a particle accelerator.
Particle displacement Particle displacement or particle amplitude (represented in mathematics by the lower-case Greek letter Îľ) is a measurement of distance (in metres) of the movement of a particle in a medium as it transmits a wave. In most cases this is a longitudinal wave of pressure (such as sound), but it can also be a transverse wave, such as the vibration of a taut string.
Particle Data Group The Particle Data Group is an international collaboration of particle physicists that compiles and reanalyzes published results related to the properties of particles and fundamental interactions. It also publishes reviews of theoretical results that are phenomologically relevant, including those in related fields such as cosmology.
Particle horizon The particle horizon in physical cosmology is the maximum distance from which particles (of positive or zero mass) can have travelled to the observer in the age of the universe. It represents the portion of the universe which we could have conceivably observed by the present day.
Particle image velocimetry Particle Image velocimetry (PIV) is an optical method used to measure velocities and related properties in fluids. The fluid is seeded with particles, which, for the purposes of PIV, are generally assumed to faithfully follow the flow dynamics.
Particle in a box In physics, the particle in a box (also known as the infinite potential well or the infinite square well) is a very simple problem consisting of a single particle bouncing around inside of an immovable box, from which it cannot escape, and which loses no energy when it collides with the walls of the box. In classical mechanics, the solution to the problem is trivial: The particle moves in a straight line, always at the same speed, until it reflects from a wall.
Particle in a one-dimensional lattice (periodic potential) In quantum mechanics, the particle in a one-dimensional lattice is a problem that occurs in the model of a periodic crystal lattice. The problem can be simplified from the 3D infinite potential barrier (particle in a box) to a one-dimensional case.
Particle in a ring In quantum mechanics, the case of a particle in a one-dimensional ring is similar to the particle in a box. The Schrödinger equation for a free particle which is restricted to a ring (technically, whose configuration space is the circle S^1) is
Particle number The particle number, N, is the number of so called 'elementary particles' (or elementary constituents) in a thermodynamical system. The particle number is a fundamental parameter in thermodynamics and it is conjugate to the chemical potential.
Particle physics Particle physics is a branch of physics that studies the elementary constituents of matter and radiation, and the interactions between them. It is also called "high energy physics", because many elementary particles do not occur under normal circumstances in nature, but can be created and detected during energetic collisions of other particles, as is done in particle accelerators.
Particle physics and representation theory There is a natural connection, first discovered by Eugene Wigner, between the properties of particles, the representation theory of Lie groups and Lie algebras, and the symmetries of the universe. This postulate states that each particle is an irreducible representation of the symmetry group of the universe.
Particle physics phenomenology Particle physics phenomenology is the part of theoretical particle physics that deals with the application of theory to high energy particle physics experiments. Within the Standard Model, phenomenology is the calculating of detailed predictions for experiments, usually at high precision (e.
Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council The Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council (or PPARC) is one of a number of Research Councils in the United Kingdom, coordinating and funding UK research in the fields of particle physics and astronomy. It is based in Swindon, Wiltshire.
Particle radiation Particle radiation is the radiation of energy by means of fast-moving particles. Particle radiation is referred to as a particle beam if the particles are all moving in the same direction, similar to a light beam.
Particle rendering In 3D graphics software, particles are the name for large amounts of automatically created animation, like rain, fire, smoke, a flock of birds or falling leaves. The script generating the animation is adjusted until just right.
Particle shower In particle physics, a shower is a cascade of secondary particles produced as the result of a high-energy particle interacting with dense matter. The incoming particle interacts, producing multiple new particles with lesser energy; each of these then interacts in the same way, a process that continues until many thousands, millions, or even billions of low-energy particles are produced.
Particle system The term particle system refers to a computer graphics technique to simulate certain fuzzy phenomena, which are otherwise very hard to reproduce with conventional rendering techniques. Examples of such phenomena which are commonly done with particle systems include fire, explosions, smoke, flowing water, sparks, falling leaves, clouds, fog, snow, dust, meteor tails, or abstract visual effects like glowy trails, etc.
Particle velocity Particle velocity is the velocity v of a particle (real or imagined) in a medium as it transmits a wave. In many cases this is a longitudinal wave of pressure as with sound, but it can also be a transverse wave as with the vibration of a taut string.
Particle-in-cell The Particle-in-Cell (PIC) method refers to a technique used to solve a certain class of partial differential equations. In this method, individual particles (or fluid elements) in a Lagrangian frame are tracked in continuous phase space, whereas moments of the distribution such as densities and currents are computed simultaneously on Eulerian (stationary) mesh points.
Particular Church A particular Church, in Catholic theology and Canon law, is any of the individual constituent ecclesial communities in full communion with Rome that are part of the Catholic Church as a whole. These can be the local Churches mentioned in Canon 368 of the Code of Canon Law: "Particular Churches, in which and from which the one and only Catholic Church exists, are principally dioceses.
Parti ouvrier-progressiste (Quebec) The Parti ouvrier-progressiste (in English: Labour Progressive Party) is the name under which the Parti Communiste du Québec ran candidates from 1944 to 1956, after the banning of the Communist Party of Canada in 1941. Its English counterpart was the Labour Progressive Party which, federally, elected Fred Rose to the Canadian House of Commons from the Montreal riding of Cartier in 1943.
Parti pour l'Organisation d'une Bretagne Libre The Parti pour l'Organisation d'une Bretagne Libre ("Party for the Organization of a Free Brittany") is a Breton political party that advocates political sovereignty for Brittany. Its initials "POBL" form a backronym, as the word pobl in Breton means "people" or "community".
Parti pour la république du Canada (Québec) The Parti pour la république du Canada (Québec) (in English: Party for the Commonwealth of Canada (Quebec)) was the Quebec branch of the Party for the Commonwealth of Canada, a Canadian political party formed by supporters of U.S.
Parti Parikatha Parti Parikatha is a Hindi novel written by Phanishwar Nath Renu. The story revolves around a motley group of characters in a remote village of North Eastern Bihar in the backdrom of Zamindari (landlordism) Abolition movement.
Parti Populaire des Putes Parti Populaire des Putes (rough translation would be the Popular Party of Whores, known as the "Hooker Party") is a federal political party based in Montreal, Quebec, Canada; it promotes the rights of sex trade workers. Its main goals are to decriminalize responsible prostitution in Canada and to promote a positive image of the prostitute in Canadian society as they seek to destroy the more negative stereotypes.
Parti Populaire Français The Parti Populaire Français (French Popular Party) (28th June, 1936–February 22, 1945) was a fascist political party led by Jacques Doriot before and during World War Two. It is generally regarded as the farthest to the right, most pro-Nazi, of France's collaborationist parties.
Parti Québécois The Parti Québécois or PQ is a political party that advocates national sovereignty for the Canadian province of Quebec and secession from Canada, as well as social democratic policies and has traditionally had support from the labour movement. Unlike many other social democratic parties, it has no formal ties with the labour movement or labour unions.
Parti Québécois leadership election, 1985 The Parti Québécois leadership election of 1985 was held to elect a new leader of the Parti Québécois, the main sovereigntist and social democratic political party in Quebec, Canada. It elected Pierre-Marc Johnson at the helm of the party.
Parti Québécois leadership election, 2005 The Parti Québécois leadership election of 2005 was held from November 13 to November 15, 2005 to elect the new leader of the Parti Québécois, the main sovereigntist and social democratic political party in Quebec, Canada.
Parti républicain du Québec The Parti républicain du Québec or PRQ (in English: Quebec Republican Party) was a political party that advocated the independence of Quebec from Canada. The PRQ was founded on November, 1962 by Marcel Chaput, who was also one of the founders of the Rassemblement pour l'indépendance nationale in 1960.
Parti rouge The Parti rouge (alternatively known as the parti democratique) was formed in what is now Quebec, Canada, around 1848 by radical French-Canadians inspired by the ideas of Louis-Joseph Papineau, the Institut canadien de Montréal, and the reformist movement lead by the Parti patriote of the 1830s.
Parti social démocratique du Québec The Parti social démocratique du Québec (PSD) was the Quebec wing of the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation. It was founded in 1939 as the Fédération du Commonwealth Coopératif and was led by Thérèse Casgrain from 1951 to 1957 and by Michel Chartrand from 1957 to 1960.
Partia Demokratyczna – demokraci.pl The Democratic Party (Partia Demokratyczna – demokraci.pl) is a social liberal party in Poland, publicly announced on February 28 and formally established on May 9, 2005 as an "enlargement" of the Freedom Union (Unia Wolności), which it legally succeeds.
Partial class A partial class, or partial type, is a feature of some object oriented computer programming languages in which the declaration of a class may be split across multiple source-code files, or multiple places within a single file.
Partial derivative In mathematics, a partial derivative of a function of several variables is its derivative with respect to one of those variables with the others held constant (as opposed to the total derivative, in which all variables are allowed to vary). Partial derivatives are useful in vector calculus and differential geometry.
Partial differential equation In mathematics, a partial differential equation (PDE) is a relation involving an unknown function of several independent variables and its partial derivatives with respect to those variables. Partial differential equations are used to formulate and solve problems that involve unknown functions of several variables, such as the propagation of sound or heat, electrostatics, electrodynamics, fluid flow, elasticity, or more generally any process that is distributed in space, or distributed in space and time.
Partial discharge In electrical engineering, a partial discharge (PD) is a localised dielectric breakdown of a small portion of a solid or liquid electrical insulation system under high voltage stress. While a corona discharge is usually revealed by a relatively steady glow or brush discharge in air, partial discharges within an insulation system may or may not exhibit visible discharges, and discharge events tend to be more sporadic in nature than corona discharges.
Partial equilibrium A partial equilibrium is a special case of the general economic equilibrium, where the clearance on the market of some specific goods is obtained independently from prices and quantities demanded and supplied on other goods' markets.
Partial fraction In algebra, the partial fraction decomposition or (partial fraction expansion) is used to reduce the degree of either the numerator or the denominator of a rational function. The outcome of partial fraction expansion expresses that function as a sum of fractions, where:
Partial fraction decomposition Partial fraction decompostion is a theorem in algebra which states that a rational function can be decomposed into a polynomial plus a sum of proper fractions, each of which is either a constant over a power of a linear polynomial or a linear polynomial over a power of an irreducible quadratic polynomial.
Partial fraction decomposition over the reals In mathematics, partial fractions are used in real-variable integral calculus to find real-valued antiderivatives of rational functions. The partial fraction decomposition of real rational functions is also used for Laplace transforms.
Partial fractions in complex analysis In complex analysis, a partial fraction expansion is a way of writing a meromorphic function f(z) as an infinite sum of rational functions and polynomials. When f(z) is a rational function, this reduces to the usual method of partial fractions.
Partial fractions in integration In integral calculus, the use of partial fractions is required to integrate the general rational function. Any rational function of a real variable can be written as the sum of a polynomial function and a finite number of partial fractions.
Partial function In mathematics, a partial function is a binary relation that associates each element of a set, sometimes called its domain, with at most one element of another (possibly the same) set, called its codomain. However, not every element of the domain has to be associated with an element of the codomain.
Partial hospitalization Partial hospitalization is a type of program used to treat mental illness and substance abuse. In partial hospitalization, the patient continues to reside at home, but commutes to a treatment center up to seven days a week.
Partial isometry In functional analysis a partial isometry is a linear map W between Hilbert spaces H and K such that the restriction of W to the orthogonal complement of its kernel is an isometry. We call the orthogonal complement of the kernel of W the initial subspace of W, and the range of W is called the final subspace of W.
Partial least squares regression In statistics, the method of partial least squares regression (PLS-regression) bears some relation to principal component analysis; instead of finding the hyperplanes of maximum variance, it finds a linear model describing some predicted variables in terms of other observable variables.
Partial molar volume Partial molar volumes are applicable to real mixtures, including solutions, in which the volumes of the separate, initial components do not sum to the total. This is generally the case, in distinction to the paradigm of ideal mixtures.
Partial order reduction In computer science, partial order reduction is a technique for reducing the size of the state-space to be searched by a model checking algorithm. It exploits the commutativity of concurrently executed transitions, which result in the same state when executed in different orders.
Partial plan In formal AI planning, a partial plan is a plan which specifies all actions that need to be taken, but does not specify an exact order for the actions where the order does not matter. For example, a plan for baking a cake might start:
Partial redundancy elimination In compiler theory, Partial redundancy elimination (PRE) is a compiler optimization that eliminates expressions that are redundant on some but not necessarily all paths through a program. PRE is a form of common subexpression elimination (CSE).
Partial template specialization Partial template specialization is a method of optimizing generic code at compile time. Usually used in reference to the C++ language, it allows the programmer to specialize only some of a template class's parameters.
Partial thromboplastin time The partial thromboplastin time (PTT) or activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT or APTT) is a performance indicator measuring the efficacy of both the intrinsic and the common coagulation pathways. Apart from detecting abnormalities in blood clotting, it is also used to monitor the treatment effects with heparin, a major anticoagulant.
Partial Test Ban Treaty The Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests In The Atmosphere, In Outer Space And Under Water, often abbreviated as the Partial Test Ban Treaty (PTBT), Limited Test Ban Treaty (LTBT), or Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (NTBT) (although the latter also refers to the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty) is a treaty prohibiting all test detonations of nuclear weapons except underground. It was developed both to slow the arms race (nuclear testing is necessary for continued nuclear weapon advancements), and to stop the excessive release of nuclear fallout into the planet's atmosphere.
Partial veil Partial veil is a mycological term which describes a structure of some mushrooms which protects the developing gills or other spore-producing surface. A partial veil, in contrast to a universal veil, is attached to the stipe (stalk) and edge of the pileus (cap).
Partial verdict A partial verdict, in criminal law, is when the jury finds the defendant guilty (or acquits him, or both on different counts) on one or more, but not all, of the counts against him.term may also be used in criminal or civil procedure for when the judge permits a jury to return verdicts on less than all of the counts it has to decide, though it has not yet determined the remainder (and, it is possible, may never so determine).
Partial virtualization Partial virtualization, in computer science, is a virtualization technique used to implement a certain kind of virtual machine environment: one that provides a partial simulation of the underlying hardware. Most but not all of the hardware features are simulated, yielding virtual machines in which some but not all software can be run without modification.
Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act of 1995 The Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act was a bill introduced in the Congress of the United States in 1995 which prohibited intact dilation and extraction, sometimes referred to by the non-medical term partial-birth abortion, which the Act described as "an abortion in which the person performing the abortion partially vaginally delivers a living fetus before killing the fetus and completing the delivery". The bill was passed by both houses of Congress, but then vetoed by US President Bill Clinton.
Partially guyed tower Partially guyed towers are tower structures, which consist of a free-standing basement, in most cases of concrete or of lattice steel with a guyed mast on the top. The anchor basements of the guyed mast can there be on the top of the tower or on the ground.
Partially observable Markov decision process A Partially Observable Markov Decision Process (POMDP) is an extension of a Markov Decision Process. POMDPs are used for choosing actions when the entire world, or state space, is not always directly observable.
Partially ordered set In mathematics, especially order theory, a partially ordered set (or poset) is a set equipped with a partial order relation. This relation formalizes the intuitive concept of an ordering, sequencing, or arrangement of the set's elements.
Partible inheritance Partible inheritance is a general term applied to systems of inheritance in which property may be divided between heirs. It contrasts in particular with primogeniture, which requires that the whole inheritance passes to the eldest son, and with agnatic seniority where the succession passes to next senior male.
Partibrejkers The Partibrejkers (Partybreakers) are a garage rock band from Belgrade, sometimes cited as the founders of YU garage rock. It is difficult to categorize them as their influences are diverse, such as the Stooges, MC5, early Rolling Stones or New York Dolls - all spiced up with a healthy dose of blues, rhythm-and-blues (in the '50s and '60s sense - not contemporary R&B) and rock'n'roll.
Participant evolution Participant evolution is a process of deliberately redesigning the human body and brain using technological means, with the goal of removing "biological limitations." The idea of participant evolution was first put forward by Manfred E.
Participant observation Participant observation is a set of research strategies which aim to gain a close and intimate familiarity with a given group of individuals (such as a religious, occupational, or subcultural group, or a particular community) and their practices through an intensive involvement with people in their natural environment, often though not always over an extended period of time. The method originated in field work of social anthropologists, especially Bronisław Malinowski and his students in Britain, the students of Franz Boas in the US, and in the urban research of the Chicago School.
Participating Preferred Stock Participating preferred stock is capital stock which provides a specific dividend that is paid before any dividends are paid to common stock holders, and which takes precedence over common stock in the event of a liquidation. It is used by private equity investors and venture capital firms but not very often.
Participation (decision making) Participation in political science is an umbrella term including different means for the public to directly participate in political, economical or management decisions. The term is also used in management theory (as in "participatory management") to denote a style of management that calls for a high level of participation of workers and supervisors in decisions that affect their work.
Participation Age The Participation Age is term which describes the changes in societies and economies brought on by open source software projects, social software, and Web 2.0 technologies, as well as increasing access to the Internet and network services via web enabled mobile phones.
Participation constraint (mechanism design) In mechanism design, participation constraints or rational participation constraints are said to be satisfied if a mechanism leaves all participants at least as well off as they would have been if they hadn't participated.
Participation dance Participation dance, also known as group-participation dance or audience participation dance, is a major category or classification of dance forms or dance styles based on purpose. The purpose of this type of dance is to actively encourage dancing (participation) in a group.
Participation mortgage A participation mortgage is a mortgage wherein the lender, or mortgagee, is entitled to share in the rental or resale proceeds from a property owned by the borrower, or mortgagor. A participation mortgage may or may not require principal and interest payments, and may or may not contain a balloon payment.
Participation of Ceylon in World War II After the outbreak of the Second World War, in the British Crown Colony of Ceylon (Sri Lanka), the collaborationist government of Sir Baron Jayatilleke assured the British King and his government of its continued support. British soldiers and sailors had been in occupation of the coastal areas of the island since 1796.
Participatory action research Participatory action research has emerged in recent years as a significant methodology for intervention, development and change within communities and groups. It is now promoted and implemented by many international development agencies and university programs, as well as countless local community organizations around the world.
Participatory budgeting Participatory budgeting is a process of democratic deliberation and decision-making, in which ordinary city residents decide how to allocate part of a municipal or public budget. Participatory budgeting is usually characterized by several basic design features: identification of spending priorities by community members, election of budget delegates to represent different communities, facilitation and technical assistance by public employees, local and higher level assemblies to deliberate and vote on spending priorities, and the implementation of local direct-impact community projects.
Participatory Culture Foundation The Participatory Culture Foundation (PCF) is a non-profit organization founded in February 2005 and based in Worcester, Massachusetts. The organization's mission is to "enable and support independent, non-corporate creativity and political engagement".
Participatory democracy Participatory democracy is a process emphasizing the broad involvement of constituents in the direction and operation of political systems. While etymological roots imply that all governments deserving the name "democracy" would rely on the participation of their citizens (the Greek demos and kratos combine to suggest that "the people rule"), traditional representative democracies tend to limit citizen participation to voting, leaving the main work of governance to a professional political elite.
Participatory design Participatory design is an approach to design that attempts to actively involve the end users in the design process to help ensure that the product designed meets their needs and is usable. It is rooted in work with trade unions in several Scandinavian countries in the 1960s and 1970s; its ancestry also includes Action research and Sociotechnical Design.
Participatory development communication Participatory development communication refers to the use of mass media and traditional, inter-presonal means of communication that empowers communities to visualise aspirations and discover solutions to their development problems and issues.
Participatory economics Participatory economics, often abbreviated parecon, is a proposed economic system that uses participatory decision making as an economic mechanism to guide the allocation of resources and consumption in a given society. Proposed as an alternative to contemporary capitalist market economies and also an alternative to centrally planned socialism or coordinatorism, it is described as "an anarchistic economic vision"Albert, Michael Parecon: Life After Capitalism Chapter 19 Individuals / Society.
Participatory epistemology Participatory Epistemology is a relatively new philosophical concept, paradigmatically articulated by Richard Tarnas and elaborated specifically in relation to Transpersonal psychology by Jorge Ferrer, Christopher Bache, and others. The Participatory Epistemology is constituted in the recognition that meaning is neither outside of the human mind, that is, in the "objective" world waiting to be discovered (the paradigmatically Modern/Structuralist worldview), nor that meaning is simply constructed or projected onto an inherently meaningless world by the "subjective" human mind (the paradigmatically Postmodern/Poststructuralist worldview).
Participatory management Participatory management is the practice of empowering employees to participate in organizational decision making. This practice grew out of the human relations movement in the 1920s, and is based on some of the principles discovered by scholars doing research in management and organization studies, such as the Hawthorne Effect.
Participatory Media Participatory Media include (but aren't limited to) blogs, wikis, RSS, tagging and social bookmarking, music-photo-video sharing, mashups, podcasts, participatory video projects and videoblogs. These distinctly different media share three common, interrelated characteristics:
Participatory notes Participatory notes (PNs') are instruments used by investors or hedge funds that are not registered with SEBI (Securities & Exchange Board of India) to invest in Indian securities. Indian based brokerages buy India based securities and then issue PN's to foreign investors.
Participatory rural appraisal Participatory rural appraisal (PRA) is an approach used by non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and other agencies involved in international development. The approach aims to incorporate the knowledge and opinions of rural people in the planning and management of development projects and programmes.
Participatory technology development Participatory technology development (PTD) is an approach to learning and innovation that is used in international development as part of projects and programmes relating to sustainable agriculture. The approach involves collaboration between researchers and farmers in the analysis of agricultural problems and testing of alternative farming practices.
Participatory video The basis of this article was kindly provided by Insight and taken with permission from their book "Insight's into Participatory Video: a handbook for the field". Feel free to add to the below and edit as you wish!
Participial nominalization The participial nominalization of a sentence is a noun phrase describing the state of affairs reported by the sentence. The main noun of the noun phrase is the participial form of the main verb of the sentence in simple sentences.
Participle In linguistics, a participle is a non-finite verb form that can be used in compound tenses or voices, or it can be used as a modifier. Participles often share properties with other parts of speech, in particular adjectives and nouns.
Partick Central railway station Partick Central railway station was a railway station serving the Partick area of the city of Glasgow. Built in the 1890s by the Lanarkshire and Dunbartonshire Railway Company it sat on a line that ran along the north bank of the River Clyde from Stobcross to Dumbarton.
Partick station Partick station is a combined railway station and underground station in the Partick area of Glasgow, Scotland. It, along with an adjacent bus station, forms one of the main transport hubs in Glasgow with regular services to many locations in Greater Glasgow and wider Strathclyde.
Partick Thistle F.C. Partick Thistle Football Club is a Scottish professional football club from the city of Glasgow. Despite their name, the club are actually based in the Maryhill area of the city, and haven't played in Partick itself since 1908.
Partick West railway station Partick West railway station served the Partick area of the city of Glasgow, particularly the Thornwood section of Partick. It was a four platform station on the Lanarkshire and Dunbartonshire Railway, with two platforms on a east-west line with services between Dumbarton and Glasgow city centre and a further two platforms on a north-south line with services between Maryhill and the city centre.
Partickhill Partickhill is a small residential area of the Partick district of the city of Glasgow. Located to the north of Partick, south of Hyndland and west of Hillhead, it contains mixed housing stock of tenemental type property and villa style houses, as well as some terraced homes.
Particle (ecology) In marine and freshwater ecology, a particle is a small object. Particles can remain in suspension in the ocean or freshwater, however they eventually settle (rate determined by Stokes' law) and accumulate as sediment.
Particle acceleration In a compressible sound transmission medium - mainly air - air particles get an accelerated motion: the particle acceleration or sound acceleration with the symbol a in metre/second². In acoustics or physics, acceleration (symbol: a) is defined as the rate of change (or time derivative) of velocity.
Particle astrophysics Particle astrophysics can be defined as the border between particle physics and cosmology (for example, the physics of the early universe, baryogenesis, cosmological nucleosynthesis, dark matter, monopoles, the origin of structure), particle and stellar physics (for example, solar neutrinos, supernovae neutrinos), and particle physics and high energy astrophysics (from compact objects to high energy cosmic rays).
Particle beam A particle beam is an accelerated stream of charged particles or atoms (often moving at very near the speed of light) which may be directed by magnets and focused by electrostatic lenses, although they may also be self-focusing (see Pinch).
Particle board Particle board (sometimes called chipboard in the UK) is an engineered wood product manufactured from wood particles, such as wood chips, sawmill shavings, or even saw dust, and a synthetic resin or other suitable binder, which is pressed and extruded. Particle board is a type of fiberboard, a composite material, but it is made up of larger pieces of wood than medium-density fibreboard and hardboard.
Particle decay Many fundamental particles (including quarks and leptons) have finite lifetimes, after which they decay into lower-mass particles. This process continues until stable particles (electrons, or up and down quarks) are produced.
Particle detector In experimental and applied particle physics, a particle detector, also known as a radiation detector, is a device used to detect, track, and/or identify high-energy particles, such as produced by nuclear decay, cosmic radiation, or reactions in a particle accelerator.
Particle displacement Particle displacement or particle amplitude (represented in mathematics by the lower-case Greek letter Îľ) is a measurement of distance (in metres) of the movement of a particle in a medium as it transmits a wave. In most cases this is a longitudinal wave of pressure (such as sound), but it can also be a transverse wave, such as the vibration of a taut string.
Particle Data Group The Particle Data Group is an international collaboration of particle physicists that compiles and reanalyzes published results related to the properties of particles and fundamental interactions. It also publishes reviews of theoretical results that are phenomologically relevant, including those in related fields such as cosmology.
Particle horizon The particle horizon in physical cosmology is the maximum distance from which particles (of positive or zero mass) can have travelled to the observer in the age of the universe. It represents the portion of the universe which we could have conceivably observed by the present day.
Particle image velocimetry Particle Image velocimetry (PIV) is an optical method used to measure velocities and related properties in fluids. The fluid is seeded with particles, which, for the purposes of PIV, are generally assumed to faithfully follow the flow dynamics.
Particle in a box In physics, the particle in a box (also known as the infinite potential well or the infinite square well) is a very simple problem consisting of a single particle bouncing around inside of an immovable box, from which it cannot escape, and which loses no energy when it collides with the walls of the box. In classical mechanics, the solution to the problem is trivial: The particle moves in a straight line, always at the same speed, until it reflects from a wall.
Particle in a one-dimensional lattice (periodic potential) In quantum mechanics, the particle in a one-dimensional lattice is a problem that occurs in the model of a periodic crystal lattice. The problem can be simplified from the 3D infinite potential barrier (particle in a box) to a one-dimensional case.
Particle in a ring In quantum mechanics, the case of a particle in a one-dimensional ring is similar to the particle in a box. The Schrödinger equation for a free particle which is restricted to a ring (technically, whose configuration space is the circle S^1) is
Particle number The particle number, N, is the number of so called 'elementary particles' (or elementary constituents) in a thermodynamical system. The particle number is a fundamental parameter in thermodynamics and it is conjugate to the chemical potential.
Particle physics Particle physics is a branch of physics that studies the elementary constituents of matter and radiation, and the interactions between them. It is also called "high energy physics", because many elementary particles do not occur under normal circumstances in nature, but can be created and detected during energetic collisions of other particles, as is done in particle accelerators.
Particle physics and representation theory There is a natural connection, first discovered by Eugene Wigner, between the properties of particles, the representation theory of Lie groups and Lie algebras, and the symmetries of the universe. This postulate states that each particle is an irreducible representation of the symmetry group of the universe.
Particle physics phenomenology Particle physics phenomenology is the part of theoretical particle physics that deals with the application of theory to high energy particle physics experiments. Within the Standard Model, phenomenology is the calculating of detailed predictions for experiments, usually at high precision (e.
Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council The Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council (or PPARC) is one of a number of Research Councils in the United Kingdom, coordinating and funding UK research in the fields of particle physics and astronomy. It is based in Swindon, Wiltshire.
Particle radiation Particle radiation is the radiation of energy by means of fast-moving particles. Particle radiation is referred to as a particle beam if the particles are all moving in the same direction, similar to a light beam.
Particle rendering In 3D graphics software, particles are the name for large amounts of automatically created animation, like rain, fire, smoke, a flock of birds or falling leaves. The script generating the animation is adjusted until just right.
Particle shower In particle physics, a shower is a cascade of secondary particles produced as the result of a high-energy particle interacting with dense matter. The incoming particle interacts, producing multiple new particles with lesser energy; each of these then interacts in the same way, a process that continues until many thousands, millions, or even billions of low-energy particles are produced.
Particle system The term particle system refers to a computer graphics technique to simulate certain fuzzy phenomena, which are otherwise very hard to reproduce with conventional rendering techniques. Examples of such phenomena which are commonly done with particle systems include fire, explosions, smoke, flowing water, sparks, falling leaves, clouds, fog, snow, dust, meteor tails, or abstract visual effects like glowy trails, etc.
Particle velocity Particle velocity is the velocity v of a particle (real or imagined) in a medium as it transmits a wave. In many cases this is a longitudinal wave of pressure as with sound, but it can also be a transverse wave as with the vibration of a taut string.
Particle-in-cell The Particle-in-Cell (PIC) method refers to a technique used to solve a certain class of partial differential equations. In this method, individual particles (or fluid elements) in a Lagrangian frame are tracked in continuous phase space, whereas moments of the distribution such as densities and currents are computed simultaneously on Eulerian (stationary) mesh points.
Particular Church A particular Church, in Catholic theology and Canon law, is any of the individual constituent ecclesial communities in full communion with Rome that are part of the Catholic Church as a whole. These can be the local Churches mentioned in Canon 368 of the Code of Canon Law: "Particular Churches, in which and from which the one and only Catholic Church exists, are principally dioceses.
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