Encyclopedia

Passin' Me By "Passin' Me By" is a song by California alternative hip hop group The Pharcyde, released in March 1993 through Delicious Vinyl Records. The song was the second single released from the group's influential 1992 debut Bizarre Ride II the Pharcyde, and has since become considered one of the greatest tracks in hip hop history.
Passing (gender) Passing, in regards to gender identity, refers to the ability of an individual to be successfully accepted by others as belonging to a gender opposite to that of their biological sex. Typically, passing involves a mixture of physical gender cues (e.
Passing (racial identity) Racial passing describes a member of a racial group who is successfully accepted by others as a different race, especially in the case of a person of mixed race being accepted as a member of the racial majority. It is usually used derisively and is not considered politically correct to aspire or attempt to pass, or to accuse another person of aspiring or attempting to pass.
Passing (sociology) Passing refers to the ability of a person to be regarded as a member of a combination of sociological groups other than his or her own, such as a different race, ethnicity, social class, gender, and/or disability status, generally with the purpose of gaining social acceptance.Daniel G.
Passing efficiency Passing efficiency, also known as pass efficiency, is an abstract number, derived from several statistics, intended as a measurement of the effectiveness of a quarterback passing the ball in NCAA or NFL football.
Passing Friend "Passing Friend" is a song written by Boy George and Roy Hay, and recorded by the American pop band The Beach Boys. It was released on their 1985 album The Beach Boys with Carl Wilson singing lead vocals.
Passing loop A passing loop (or "crossing loop") is a place on a single line railway/tramway where trains/trams in opposing directions can pass each other. Trains/Trams in the same direction can also overtake, providing that the signalling arrangement allows it.
Passing pocket The pocket is the area in the backfield that is created on a passing play where the offensive line forms a screen around the quarterback, protecting him. This allows him adequate time to find an open receiver and to pass the ball downfield.
Passing star hypothesis In 1745, the French naturalist Georges-Louis de Buffon (1707-1788) proposed the alternative hypothesis that the planets were formed when a passing star collided with or passed close to the sun, and pulled matter and out of the sun and the star. The matter condensed to form the planets, and they fell into orbit around the sun.
Passing Time in the Loo Passing Time in the Loo is the name of a book series published by Scarab Book Ltd. The series includes the massive 600-page Compact Classics Volume 1 compendium of knowledge, published in 1999, as well as the smaller Passing Time in the Loo - Shakespeare, published in 2005.
Passio sanctorum Petri et Pauli The pseudepigraphical Passio sanctorum Petri et Pauli (Passion of Saints Peter and Paul) is a late version of the martyrdoms of the two apostles, which claims to have been written by a certain Marcellus, thus the anonymous author, of whom nothing further is known, is referred to as the "pseudo-Marcellus". The intended Marcellus is doubtless he who after the martyrdom takes the lead in burying St.
Passion (Ailyn song) "Passion" is the first single from Ailyn's second commercial album Passion. Released digitally and downloadable through her website to support the online sales, it's taken from the OST of the "Kingdom Hearts II" videogame.
Passion (Christianity) The Passion is the theological term used for the suffering, both physical and mental, of Jesus in the hours prior to and including his trial and execution by crucifixion. The Crucifixion is an event central to Christian beliefs.
Passion (musical) Passion is a musical play adapted from Ettore Scola's film Passione d'Amore (which was, in its turn, based on Igino Tarchetti's novel Fosca). The book is by James Lapine, with music and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim.
Passion and Purity Passion and Purity: Learning to Bring Your Love Life Under Christ's Control, published in 1984 and written by Elisabeth Elliot, is a an evangelical Protestant book on sexual purity in romance. The book recounts Elliot's romance with missionary Jim Elliot, beginning in the 1940s and ending with his death in 1956.
Passion bearer In the Russian Orthodox Christianity, a passion-bearer (Russian: strastoterpets, страстотерпец) is a person who faces his or her death in a Christ-like manner. Unlike martyrs, passion-bearers are not explicitly killed for their faith, though they hold to that faith with piety and true love of God.
Passion Fish Passion Fish is a 1992 film which tells the story of a soap opera star, paralyzed in a car accident, who is forced to live with her family and rely upon a series of nurses, forcing each of them to leave her employ until one shows up guaranteed to stay.
Passion Hymns The Passíusálmar or Passion Hymns are a collection of 50 poetic texts written by the renowned Icelandic priest and poet, Hallgrímur Pétursson. The texts explore the Passion narrative, as traditionally presented, from the point where Christ enters the Garden of Gethsemane to his death and burial.
Passion play A Passion play is a dramatic presentation depicting the Passion of Christ: the trial, suffering and death of Jesus Christ. It is a traditional part of Lent in several Christian denominations, particularly in Catholic tradition.
Passion Paradox Passion Paradox is a theory about romantic relationships created by Dean Delis in his book "Passion Paradox". According to Delis, one partner is more in love – or emotionally invested in the relationship – than the other.
Passion Pictures Passion Pictures is a film and animation production company based in Rathbone Place, off Oxford Street in London's West End. They have been responsible for much of the production of the visual element of the animated rock band Gorillaz.
Passion Pop Passion Pop is an Australian alcoholic beverage, labelled as a carbonated 'passion flavoured' wine. The product is produced by Golden Gate Wines in New South Wales and comes in a number of flavours: Original (passionfruit-flavoured); Mixed Berry (strawberry with a hint of raspberry); Peach; and Suze (butterscotch flavored).
Passion Sunday Passion Sunday is a term formerly used to denote the fifth Sunday of Lent in the Christian liturgical calendar; since 1970, when the new church calendar approved by the Second Vatican Council went into effect, the term has been applied to the following Sunday, until then officially called Palm Sunday (the churches of the Anglican Confession adopted this new definition in 1976). The new meaning does not appear to have caught on with most laypersons within either polity, however, the majority of whom continue to use Palm Sunday to refer to the Sunday before Easter.
Passione Passione is both an Italian restaurant on Charlotte Street, Fitzrovia, London, UK and an Italian cookbook written by Gennaro Contaldo, a co-owner of the restaurant. Both feature a cooking style reflective of the Amalfi Coast, Contaldo's birthplace and with a focus on the best seasonal ingredients.
Passionella Passionella is a graphic narrative by Jules Feiffer, initially anthologized in Passionella and Other Stories, and based on the story of Cinderella. The protagonist is Ella, a chimney sweep who is tranformed into a Hollywood movie star.
Passionism Passionism is the first French artistic movement of the 21st Century, and the first movement in the history of art to be spearheaded by women and followed by men and women worldwide. Lauched officially to the public at the Forum de Nice in 2002, it was created by Cat Moss and metcuc in 2000.
Passionist Passionists are a Roman Catholic religious group that was founded by St Paul of the Cross (Paul Francis Danei). Its expanded name is The Congregation of Discalced Clerks of the Most Holy Cross and Passion of Our Lord Jesus Christ.
Passivation Passivation is the process of making a material "passive" in relation to another material prior to using the materials together. For example, prior to storing hydrogen peroxide in an aluminium container, the container can be passivated by rinsing it with a dilute solution of nitric acid and peroxide alternating with deionized water.
Passive armour Passive armour is a modern military term which describes shielding that is chemically inert (unlike reactive armour) and does not require electricity or active sensors to operate. Any vehicle with a skin designed to protect it from attack is considered to have passive armor.
Passive electronically scanned array A passive electronically scanned array, as opposed to AESA, is a phased array which has a central RF source (such as a magnetron, a klystron or a traveling wave tube), sending energy into (usually digitally-controlled) phase shift modules, which then send energy into the various emitting elements in the front of the antenna. AESA devices, in contrast, have each of their elements contain its own RF source.
Passive foreign investment company A passive foreign investment company (or "PFIC") is a foreign company with predominantly investment income, or whose assets are primarily intended to generate investment income. The Internal Revenue Service handles the profits of investments in PFICs differently than their domestic counterparts, so U.
Passive immunity Passive immunity is the transfer of active humoral immunity in the form of readymade antibodies, from one individual to another. Passive immunity can occur naturally, when maternal antibodies are transferred to the fetus through the placenta, and can also be induced artificially, when high levels of human (or horse) antibodies specific for a pathogen or toxin are transferred to non-immune individuals.
Passive management Passive management (also called passive investing) is a financial strategy in which a fund manager makes as few portfolio decisions as possible, in order to minimize transaction costs, including the incidence of capital gains tax. One popular method is to mimic the performance of an externally specified index—called 'index funds'.
Passive margin In plate tectonics, a passive margin is the normally gently sloping continental shelf area located on the trailing edge of a drifting continent. The passive margin is free of the seismic and volcanic activity associated with the subduction, rifting or transform faulting that is the result of plate tectonic activity.
Passive monitoring Passive monitoring is a technique used to capture traffic from a network by generating a copy of that traffic, often from a span port or mirror port or via a network tap. Once the data (a stream of frames or packets) has been extracted, it can be used in many ways.
Passive nuclear safety Passive nuclear safety describes a safety feature of a nuclear reactor that does not require operator action or electronic feedback in order to shut down safely in the event of a particular type of emergency (usually overheating resulting from a loss of coolant or loss of coolant flow). Such reactors tend to rely more on the engineering of components such that their predicted behaviour according to known laws of physics would slow, rather than accelerate, the nuclear reaction in such circumstances.
Passive obedience Passive obedience is a political/religious doctrine advocating the absolute supremacy of the Crown and the treatment of any dissent (or more precisely, disobedience) as sinful and unlawful. It was usually associated with the seventeenth-century Church of England and the Scottish Episcopalian church of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and was central to the ideology of the Jacobites.
Passive optical network A passive optical network (PON) is a point-to-multipoint, fiber to the premises network architecture in which unpowered optical splitters are used to enable a single optical fiber to serve multiple premises, typically 32. A PON consists of an Optical Line Termination (OLT) at the service provider's central office and a number of Optical Network Units (ONUs) near end users.
Passive radar Passive radar systems (also referred to a passive coherent location and passive covert radar) encompass a class of radar systems that detect and track objects by processing reflections from non-cooperative sources of illumination in the environment, such as commercial broadcast and communications signals. It is a specific case of bistatic radar, the latter also including the exploitation of cooperative and non-cooperative radar transmitters.
Passive radiator A passive radiator or parasitic element is a radio antenna element which does not have any wired input. Instead, it absorbs radio waves radiated from another active antenna element in proximity, and re-radiates it in phase with the active element so that it adds to the total transmitted signal.
Passive radiator (speaker) A speaker enclosure that utilises a passive radiator usually contains an "active" or the main driver and a "passive" driver (or drone or radiator). The active driver is a regular loudspeaker, and the passive is more or less the same, but without the coil.
Passive smoking Passive smoking (also known as secondhand smoking, involuntary smoking, or exposure to environmental tobacco smoke - or ETS exposure) occurs when the smoke from one person's burning tobacco product (or the smoker's exhalation) is inhaled by others. Current scientific evidence shows that passive exposure to tobacco smoke causes disease and chronic illness leading to disability.
Passive solar building design Passive solar building design involves the modeling, selection and use of appropriate passive solar technologies to maintain the building environment at a comfortable temperature through the sun's daily and annual cycles. As a result it also minimises the use of active solar, renewable energy and especially fossil fuel technologies.
Passive-aggressive behavior Passive-aggressive behaviour refers to passive, sometimes obstructionist resistance to authoritative instructions in interpersonal or occupational situations. It can manifest itself as resentment, stubbornness, procrastination, sullenness, or intentional failure at doing requested tasks.
Passover Passover (Hebrew: פסח; transliterated as Pesach or Pesah), also called חג המצות (Chag HaMatzot - Festival of Matzot) is a Jewish holiday which is celebrated in the northern spring. It begins on the 15th day of Nisan (on the Hebrew calendar), which falls between nightfall on April 2 and nightfall on April 10, 2007.
Passover (Christian holiday) Passover also known as Pesach or Pesah (פסח pesaḥ), as a Christian holiday, was observed historically by a number of early Christians and is still observed today by a small number of Christian groups. Beginning on the evening of the 14th day of Nisan (Abib) it commemorates the deliverance from sin by the sacrifice of Jesus.
Passover in the Christian tradition The Passover is significant in Christian theology because according to the Synoptic Gospels, the Last Supper was the Passover meal eaten on the 15th of Nisan and Jesus was arrested that night and crucified the following afternoon (the Gospel of John puts the events a day earlier). While there is much debate among Christian theologians over whether Jesus’ Passion and crucifixion could have occurred on a Jewish Holy Day, traditionally the Last Supper has been viewed by the Christian church as the Passover Seder and, correspondingly, the institution of the Holy Eucharist — one of the two major sacraments in the Christian tradition — commemorated by Christians on Maundy Thursday.
Passover massacre The Passover massacre (also known as the Netanya bombing) was a Palestinian suicide bombing in the Park Hotel at Netanya on March 27, 2002. The attack killed 30 Israeli civilians and triggered Operation Defensive Shield.
Passover Seder The Passover Seder (IPA or say-der) (Heb. סדר, literally "order" or "arrangement") is a special Jewish ritual which takes place on the first evening of the Jewish holiday of Passover (the 15th day of Nisan on the Hebrew calendar) in Israel, and on the first and second evenings of Passover (the 15th and 16th days of Nisan) in the Jewish diaspora.
Passover Seder Plate The Passover Seder Plate Hebrew: ke'ara (קערה) is a special plate containing symbolic foods used by Jews during the Passover Seder. Each of the six items arranged on the plate have special significance to the retelling of the story of the Exodus from Egypt, which is the focus of this ritual meal.
Passport A passport is a travel document issued by a national government that usually identifies the bearer as a national of the issuing state and requests that the bearer be permitted to enter and pass through other countries.
Passport to Teaching The Passport to Teaching is an alternative teacher certification offered by the American Board for Certification of Teacher Excellence. The Passport to Teaching certification is a program for individuals who wish to pursue a career as a teacher but do not have a degree in education.
Passu Passu is a small village beside the Khunjrab river, some 15KM from Gulmit, the Tehsil Headquarter of Gojal in the Northern Areas of Pakistan. The famous Batura glacier is situated here, beside the Karakoram Highway.
Passum Passum was a style of raisin wine (wine from semi-dried grapes) apparently developed in ancient Carthage and transmitted from there to Italy, where it was popular under the Roman Empire. The earliest surviving instruction constitutes the only known Carthaginian recipe.
Password A password is a form of secret authentication data that is used to control access to a resource. The password is kept secret from those not allowed access, and those wishing to gain access are tested on whether or not they know the password and are granted or denied access accordingly.
Password authentication protocol Password Authentication Protocol, sometimes abbreviated PAP, is a simple authentication protocol used to authenticate a user to a remote access server or Internet service provider(ISP). PAP is undersused by Point to Point Protocol (PPP)
Password notification e-mail A common technique used by websites, if a user forgets their password, is to send a password notification e-mail containing enough information for the user to access their account again. This method of password retrieval relies on the assumption that only the legitimate owner of the account has access to the inbox for that particular e-mail address.
Password policy A password policy is a set of rules designed to enhance computer security by encouraging users to employ strong passwords and use them properly. A password policy is often part of an organization's official regulations and may be taught as part of security awareness training.
Password strength Password strength is the likelihood that a password can be guessed by an unauthorized person or computer. Passwords easily guessed are known as weak or vulnerable; passwords very difficult or impossible to guess are considered strong.
Passy Peak Passy Peak (Vrah Passy 'vr&h pa-'si) is a peak of elevation 510m in Vidin Heights, Livingston Island, Antarctica. The peak is named after Solomon Passy (1956—) in appreciation of his role in organizing the Bulgarian Antarctic campaigns and the upgrade of St.
Passyunk Township, Pennsylvania Passyunk Township is a defunct township that was located in Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania. The township ceased to exist and was incorporated into the City of Philadelphia following the passage of the Act of Consolidation, 1854.
Past & Present Past & Present is a historical journal published four times a year by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Past and Present Society. It was founded in 1952 by a number of historians associated with the Communist Party Historians Group, including E.
Past and Present Society Prestigious British historical society which produces a journal (Past & Present), a book series (Past and Present Publications) as well as sponsoring occasional conferences and appointing postdoctoral fellows.
Past Brothers rugby league club Past Brothers Rugby League Football Club, more commonly known simply as Brothers, or as the Leprechauns, are a rugby league club in Brisbane, Australia, that played in the top level of football since their foundation in 1919 until 1998.
Past Doctor Adventures The Past Doctor Adventures (sometimes known by the abbreviation PDA or PDAs) were a series of spin-off novels based on the long running BBC science fiction television series Doctor Who and published under the BBC Books imprint. For most of their existence, they were published side-by-side with the Eighth Doctor Adventures.
Past historical The past historical is a tense in Romance languages used to refer to events that occurred and were completed in the past. It is the form used to talk about the dead and is often used narratively in text to relate actions or events outside of dialogue.
Past iterative tense Past iterative tense is grammatical tense in Lithuanian language, which denotes complete iterative action in the past in opposition to past tense (in Lithuanian language) with meaning of non-iterative or progressive one.
Past master A Past Master is one who, having surpassed the position of a Master, can be regarded as highly skilled and experienced. The term is sometimes applied literally to persons who have led any organization or a subsidiary of that organization.
Past Master (Masonic) In Freemasonry, Master Masons who have "been through the chairs", that is, who have completed a term of office as Worshipful Master of a Lodge, are ranked as Past Masters in the Craft as a whole, and in Grand Lodge in particular. They alone are qualified to participate in certain work of a Lodge.
Past Masters (band) Past Masters were originally a six piece live band formed in November 1999 for two charity concerts for St Lukes Hospice in Sheffield. It was supposed to be a temporary outfit but they went down so well that promoters were demanding dates and the group was officially formed.
Past Times with Good Company Past Times with Good Company is a double live album by the band Blackmore's Night, recorded in 2002 in Groningen, Holland, and New York. It was released in October 2003 in Europe and in January 2003 in the USA and Canada.
Past, Present and Future Past, Present and Future is Al Stewart's 5th album written in 1973. This album consisted Stewart's first "major album" as well as his first to indulge into and create the genre of historical folk rock.
Pasta Pasta is a type of food made from the flour of certain grains mixed with water and/or eggs, which is then kneaded and formed into various shapes, and boiled prior to consumption. While the name comes from Italy, pasta is very popular all over the world.
Pasta fagioli Pasta e Fagioli, meaning "pasta and beans," is a traditional Italian peasant dish that is now a frequent menu item in the United States, and the hotels of Canada, even in restaurants that don't feature Italian cuisine. Many years ago, this soup was considered peasant food-- hearty and nutritious, but cheap and easy to make.
Pasta primavera Pasta primavera is an Italian dish that usually consists of pasta with red tomato sauce and fresh vegetables. A meat such as chicken, sausage or shrimp can be added if desired, but the focus of primavera is the vegetables themselves.
Pastaza corydoras The pastaza corydoras, Corydoras pastazensis, is a tropical freshwater fish belonging to the Corydoradinae sub-family of the Callichthyidae family. It originates in inland waters in South America, and is found in the Pastaza River basin in Ecuador.
Pastéis de Bacalhau The Bolinhos de Bacalhau (name in the North of Portugal) or Pastéis de Bacalhau (name in the South): literally "Codfish cakes", are a typical dish made up of potatoes, dry salted codfish, onions, eggs, parsley, and some minor ingredients. The Bolinhos or Pastéis de Bacalhau are fried and served before meals.
Pastırma Pastırma is a highly seasoned, air-dried cured beef in the cuisines of the former Ottoman countries. The name pastırma is Turkish and it evolved from its original form, "bastırma et", meaning "pressed meat" according to the official TDK dictionary.
Paste (rheology) In physics, a paste is a substance that behaves as a solid until a sufficiently large load or stress is applied, at which point it flows like a fluid. In rheoological terms a paste is an example of a Bingham plastic fluid.
Paste (story) "Paste" is a 5,800-word short story by Henry James first published in Frank Leslie’s Popular Monthly in December, 1899. James included the story in his collection, The Soft Side, published by Macmillan the following year.
Paste up Paste up refers to a method of creating, or laying out, publication pages that predates the use of the now-standard computerized page design desktop publishing programs. Completed, or camera-ready, pages are known as mechanicals or mechanical art.
Pastebin A pastebin (known also under term: nopaste) is a web application which allows its users to upload snippets of text, usually samples of source code, for public viewing. It is very popular in IRC channels where pasting large texts is considered bad etiquette.
Pastel Chime Pastel Chime() is an japenese adventure role-playing game made by AliceSoft, and may also referred to series including two more games, Pastel Chime Continue(, 2005) and PasCha C++(, 2005), which are sequel of the original one. Based on a universe that loosely combines real world materials with magical world, the game describes fantastic adventures on the fictional continents called 'Rubens' and 'Colwayd', as well as romances between the protagonists.
Pasterze Pasterze is the longest glacier in Austria and in the Eastern Alps, at approximately 9 km in length. It lies in the Hohe Tauern mountain range of the Alps directly beneath Austria's highest mountain, the Großglockner.
Pastes Pastes is a type of Mexican pastry eaten in the Hidalgo region of central Mexico. The speciality originates from the Cornish Pasty, introduced by English Cornishmen who were contracted builders and miners in the town of Mineral del Monte.
Pasteur Institute The Pasteur Institute (French: Institut Pasteur) is a French non-profit private foundation dedicated to the study of biology, microorganisms, diseases and vaccines. It is named after Louis Pasteur, its founder and first director, who had successfully developed the first antirabies serum in 1885.
Pasteurization Pasteurization (or pasteurisation) is the process of heating food for the purpose of killing harmful organisms such as bacteria, viruses, protozoa, molds, and yeasts. The process was named after its inventor, French scientist Louis Pasteur.
Pastiche (Manhattan Transfer album) Pastiche was released by The Manhattan Transfer on January 19, 1978, It was re-issued on the Rhino on November 15, 1994. This was the last studio album recorded with Laurel Massé, who left the group later that year.
Pastille A pastille was originally a pill shaped lump of compressed herbs, which was burnt to release its medicinal properties. Pastilles were in widest use during the eighteenth century, and have never really made a comeback.
Pastmaster The Pastmaster is an undead, skeletal sorcerer from the Dark Ages in four episodes of the animated television series SWAT Kats: The Radical Squadron - The Pastmaster Always Rings Twice, Bride of the Pastmaster, A Bright and Shiny Future and The Deadly Pyramid. His powers are many and varied, and most come from his magical pocketwatch, which has the power to open Time Vortices to either send cats and objects through them, or summon them forth from other time periods.
Pasto Pasto is the capital of the department of Nariño, located in southwest Colombia. The city is located in the "Valle de Atriz", on the Andes cordillera, at the foot of the Galeras volcano, at an altitude of 2.
Paston Letters The Paston Letters are a collection of letters and papers, consisting of the correspondence of members of the gentry Paston family, and others connected with them, between the years 1422 and 1509, and also including some state papers and other important documents.
Pastoral Bible (Chinese) The Chinese edition of the Christian Community Bible is called the Pastoral Bible (牧靈聖經; pinyin: mùlíng shèngjīng; jyutping: muk6 ling4 sing3 ging1). Work on the translation began in 1991, took 5 years to finish, and the completed translation was published in 1999.
Pastoral Bible Institute In the early history of Bible Students, a number of prominent brethren withdrew their support from the Watchtower Society after Judge Rutherford became the president of the Society, following the death of Pastor Russell. The first Bible Student Convention held independent of the Watchtower Society took place on July 26-29, 1918, in Asbury Park, New Jersey.
Pastoral care Pastoral care is the ministry of care and counseling provided by pastors, chaplains and other religious leaders to members of their group (church, congregation, etc). This can range from home visitation, to formal counseling by pastors who are licensed to provide pastoral counseling.
Pastoral counseling Pastoral counseling is a branch of counseling in which ordained ministers, rabbis, priests and others provide therapy services. Practitioners in the United States are subject to the standards of the American Association of Pastoral Counseling and many are either licensed as a LPC or LMFT as well.
Pastoral Care Liber Regulae Pastoralis or Regula Pastoralis (The Book of the Pastoral Rule, commonly known in English as "Pastoral Care", a translation of the alternative Latin title Cura Pastoralis) is a treatise on the responsibilities of the clergy written by Pope Gregory I around the year 590, shortly after his papal inauguration. It became one of the most influential works on the topic ever written.
Pastoral epistles The three pastoral epistles are books of the canonical New Testament: the First Epistle to Timothy (1 Timothy) the Second Epistle to Timothy (2 Timothy), and the Epistle to Titus. They are presented as letters from Paul of Tarsus
Pastoral farming Pastoral farming (also known as grazing in some parts of the world) is farming related to livestock rather than growing crops and other foliage. The livestock usually graze on naturally-grown grass and other vegetation.
Pastoral lease Pastoral Leases are agreements under the Commonwealth of Australia that allow for the use of Crown land by farmers, etc. The leases constitute an Australian land apportionment system created in the mid-nineteenth century to facilitate the orderly division and sale of land to indigenous Australians and European colonists.

Information are taken from Wikipedia, the open encyclopedia, to which contribute many volunteers from around the whole world. Texts are available under the following conditions GNU Free Documentation License.