Encyclopedia

Perso-Parthian bow The Perso-Parthian bow is a symmetric recurve composite bow made of ibex horn (or for low quality bows, ox horn); a variety of wood cores; gazelle, deer, or ox sinews; and usually hide glue. These bows are highly tensioned.
Person Centred Planning Person Centred Planning (PCP) is a life planning model designed to enable individuals with disabilities to increase their personal self-determination. PCP was adopted as government policy in the United Kingdom through the 'Valuing People' White Paper in 2001, and is accepted practice in many countries throughout the world.
Person Colby Cheney Person Colby Cheney (February 25, 1828–June 19, 1901) was a paper manufacturer, abolitionist and Republican politician from Manchester, New Hampshire. He was Governor of New Hampshire and later represented the state in the United States Senate.
Person from Porlock The Person from Porlock was an unwelcome visitor to Samuel Taylor Coleridge who called by during his composition of the oriental poem Kubla Khan. Coleridge claimed to have perceived the entire course of the poem in a dream (possibly an opium-induced haze), but was interrupted by this visitor from Porlock (a town in the South West of England, near Exmoor) while in the process of writing it.
Person having ordinary skill in the art The person having ordinary skill in the art (often abbreviated PHOSITA in the United States), the person skilled in the art or the man skilled in the art is a legal fiction found in many patent laws throughout the world. This fictional person is considered to have the normal skills and knowledge in a particular technical field, without being a genius.
Person of interest Person of interest is a phrase used by law enforcement when announcing the name of someone involved in a criminal investigation who has not yet been arrested or formally accused of a crime. This can sometimes result in a trial by media.
Person-first terminology Person-first terminology is a linguistic technique used when discussing disabilities to avoid perceived and subconscious dehumanisation of the people having the disabilities. It may also occasionally be used to refer to other identities such as ethnicity or nationality.
Person-to-person A person-to-person call is an operator assisted telephone call in which the calling party wants to speak to a specific party and not simply to anyone who answers. The caller is not charged for the call unless the requested party can be reached.
Persona A persona, in the word's everyday usage, is a social role, or a character played by an actor. The word derives from the Latin for "mask" or "character", derived from the Etruscan word "phersu", with the same meaning.
Persona (video game) The Persona series of console role-playing games is a set of three games for the PlayStation home console from the game developer Atlus. While fairly distinct in nature, the Persona series is actually a collection of spin-offs of one of Atlus' main franchises, the Shin Megami Tensei series.
Persona non grata Persona non grata (Latin, plural: personae non gratae), literally meaning "an unwelcome person," is a term used in diplomacy with a specialized and legally defined meaning. The opposite of persona non grata is persona grata.
Personages of the Three Kingdoms The following is a list of personages significant to the Three Kingdoms period of Chinese history. They provided the basis of what is often termed "Matter of the Three Kingdoms", a favourite subject for Chinese folklore.
Personal & Private Information (PPI Data) Personal & Private Information (or PPI data) is data that, in combination with other data, may be used to accurately identify someone and/or an account. PPI is a commonly used term in the banking and mortgage lending industry.
Personal advertisement A personal or personal ad is an item or notice traditionally in the newspaper, similar to a classified ad but personal in nature. With its rise in popularity, the World Wide Web has also become a common medium for personals, commonly referred to as online dating.
Personal alarm Personal alarms are small hand-held electronic devices with the functionality to emit a loud siren-like alarming sound. It has a button that when pressed sets the siren off, or a sprint that when pulled sets the siren off.
Personal and Social Education Personal and Social Education (PSE) is a component of the state school curriculum in Wales and Scotland. PSE became a statutory requirement in schools in September 2003, and is compulsory for all students at Key Stages 1, 2, 3 and 4 (5 to 16 years old), and shares some similar elements with Personal, Social and Health Education and citizenship education in England.
Personal area network A personal area network (PAN) is a computer network used for communication among computer devices (including telephones and personal digital assistants) close to one person. The devices may or may not belong to the person in question.
Personal assistant A personal assistant, personal aide, or PA for short, is someone who assists in daily personal tasks. For example, a business person may have a personal assistant to help with their correspondence and run errands.
Personal attack Generally, a personal attack is committed when a person substitutes abusive remarks for evidence when examining another person's claims or comments. It is considered a personal attack when a person starts referencing a supposed flaw or weakness in an individual's personality, beliefs, lifestyle, convictions or principles, and use it as a debate tactic or as a means of avoiding discussion of the relevance or truthfulness the person's statement.
Personal Apostolic Administration of Saint John Mary Vianney The Personal Apostolic Administration of Saint John Mary Vianney was established on 18 January 2002 by Pope John Paul II for traditionalist Catholic clergy and laity within the Diocese of Campos in Brazil. It is the only Personal Apostolic Administration in existence.
Personal branding According to personal branding expert Nick Nichols, your personal brand is the firm impression or fixed image that comes to mind when people think of you. A personal brand is the mental picture that people conjure up when your name is mentioned.
Personal budget A Personal budget is a plan for managing income and expenses in personal finance. A comprehensive personal budget provides a clear understanding of an individual's expenses, encouraging informed financial decisions.
Personal carbon trading Emissions trading schemes (also known as ‘cap and trade’ schemes) are one of the policy instruments available for reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases. Personal carbon trading, a term coined by the Royal Society of Arts, describes those proposed greenhouse gas emissions trading schemes that directly involve individuals in trading.
Personal coaching Personal Coaching is a term generally used in the fields of business, executive, life and career coaching to differentiate the coaching process from the more popular connotation of sports coaching. However, sports and personal coaching have the same origin.
Personal computer A personal computer (PC) is a microcomputer whose price, size, and capabilities make it suitable for personal usage. The term was popularized by Apple Computer with the Apple II in the late-1970s and early-1980s, and afterwards by IBM with the IBM Personal Computer.
Personal computer game A personal computer game (also known as a computer game or simply PC game) is a video game played on a personal computer, rather than on a video game console or arcade machine. Computer games have evolved from the simple graphics and gameplay of early titles like Spacewar!
Personal construct psychology Personal Construct Psychology (PCP) is a theory of personality developed by the American psychologist George Kelly in the 1950s. From the theory, Kelly derived a psychotherapy approach and also a technique called The Repertory Grid Interview that helped his patients to uncover their own "constructs" (defined later) with minimal intervention or interpretation by the therapist.
Personal consumption expenditures price index The PCE price index (PCEPI) (or PCE deflator, PCE price deflator, Implicit Price Deflator for Personal Consumption Expenditures (IPD for PCE) (by the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA)) or the chain-type price index for personal consumption expenditures (CTPIPCE) (by the FOMC)) is a nation-wide indicator of the average increase in prices for all domestic personal consumption. It is indexed to a base of 100 in 1992.
Personal Communications Service Personal Communications Service or PCS is the name for the 1900-MHz radio band used for digital mobile phone services in Canada and the United States. Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), GSM, and D-AMPS systems can be used on PCS frequencies.
Personal data manager A personal data manager (PDM) is a portable hardware tool enabling secure storage and easy access to user data. Usually PDMs include password management software, web-browser favorites and cryptographic software.
Personal defense weapon A personal defense weapon (often abbreviated PDW) is a compact firearm, smaller than a full-size assault rifle, but with increased range and better armor penetrating capabilities than a pistol or submachine gun.
Personal digital assistant Personal digital assistants (PDAs) are handheld computers that were originally designed as personal organizers, but became much more versatile over the years. PDAs are also known as pocket computers or palmtop computers.
Personal experience Personal experience of a human being is the actual moment-to-moment experience and sensory awareness of our being alive and noticing what is around us. There have been many different beliefs about it, and about how easy it is to exchange what is experienced:
Personal Egress Air Packs Personal Egress Air Packs, or PEAPs, are devices onboard a Space Shuttle which provide crew members approximately six minutes of breathable air in the case of a mishap while the vehicle is still located on the ground. PEAPs do not provide pressurized air, meaning that they are only intended to be used should the air inside the shuttle cabin become unbreathable by way of noxious gases.
Personal Equity Plan In the United Kingdom a Personal Equity Plan is a form of tax-privileged investment account. They were introduced by Nigel Lawson in the 1987 budget for Margaret Thatcher's Conservative government to encourage equity ownership for in the wider population.
Personal finance Personal finance is the application of the principles of finance to the monetary decisions of an individual or family unit. It addresses the ways in which individuals or families obtain, budget, save and spend monetary resources over time, taking into account various financial risks and future life events.
Personal flotation device A personal flotation device (also named PFD, lifejacket, life preserver, Mae West, life vest, life saver, cork jacket, life belt) is a device designed to keep a wearer afloat and their head above water, often in swimming pools, rivers, lakes, and oceans. The term includes all types of such devices from life preservers to lifejackets to survival suits.
Personal Finance Education Group The Personal Finance Education Group (PFEG) is a UK educational charity focused on equipping young people with confidence, skills and knowledge in financial matters, particularly personal finance. It was founded in 2000 and receives support from both government and business.
Personal Freedom Outreach Personal Freedom Outreach (PFO) is small but influential evangelical organization that serves to "educate Christians about the dangers and heretical doctrines of religious cults, to use the Gospel of Jesus Christ to reach members of those cults and to warn Christians of unbiblical teachings within the church itself."Personal Freedom Outreach About Personal Freedom Outreach (accessed 6/7/06) PFO operates its ministry from three separate post office boxes, with the main office located in St.
Personal Genome Project The Personal Genome Project aims to publish the complete genomes and medical records of several volunteers, in order to enable research into personalized medicine. It was initiated by Harvard University's George Church and announced in January 2006.
Personal health record A personal health record or PHR is typically a health record that is initiated and maintained by an individual. An ideal PHR would provide a complete and accurate summary of the health and medical history of an individual by gathering data from many sources.
Personal Handy-phone System The Personal Handy-phone System (PHS), also marketed as the Personal Access System (PAS) and known as Xiaolingtong (小灵通) in China, is a mobile network system operating in the 1880-1930 MHz frequency band, used mainly in Japan, China, Taiwan and some other Asian countries.
Personal Health Information Protection Act The Personal Health Information Protection Act, known by its acronym PHIPA (loosely pronounced 'fippa' or 'puh-hip-ah'), ia a legislation that outlines privacy regulations for provincial health care information in Ontario, Canada. PHIPA is intended to complement the Canadian federal privacy legislation, the Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act.
Personal History, Adventures, Experience, and Observation of David Copperfield the Younger The Personal History, Adventures, Experience, & Observation of David Copperfield the Younger (aka David Copperfield) is a 1935 film based upon the Charles Dickens novel. Although quite a few characters and incidents from the novel were omitted - notably David's time at Salem House boarding school - the spirit of the book and the period were captured well.
Personal chef A personal chef is a chef that will go to a client's home to prepare meals for the client based on their needs and wants. The chef will purchase the ingredients, prepare the meal, and clean up after the preparation.
Personal identification number A personal identification number (PIN) is a secret numeric password shared between a user and a system that can be used to authenticate the user to the system. Typically, the user is required to provide a non-confidential user identifier or token (such as a banking card) and a confidential PIN to gain access to the system.
Personal identification number (Denmark) The Danish Personal Identification number (Danish: CPR-nummer or personnummer) is a national identification number, which is part of the personal information stored in the Civil Registration System (Danish: Det Centrale Personregister).
Personal identity In philosophy, the issue of personal identity concerns a number of loosely related issues. The historically prevalent question regarding personal identity has addressed the conditions under which a person at one time is the same person at another time.
Personal identity number (Sweden) The personal identity number (Swedish: personnummer) is the Swedish national identification number When it was introduced in 1947 it was probably the first of its kind covering the total population. It is issued by the Swedish Tax Agency (Swedish: Skatteverket) as part of the Population Register (Swedish: Folkbokföring).
Personal information management Personal information management (PIM) refers to both the practice and the study of the activities people perform in order to acquire, organize, maintain, retrieve and use information items such as documents (paper-based and digital), web pages and email messages for everyday use to complete tasks (work-related and not) and fulfill a person’s various roles (as parent, employee, friend, member of community, etc.).
Personal information manager A personal information manager (PIM) is a type of application software that functions as a personal organizer. As an information management tool, a PIM's purpose is to facilitate the recording, tracking, and management of certain types of "personal information".
Personal infrastructure Personal Infrastructure refers to all the accessories and capabilities an individual has acquired and built up to appear resourceful, more capable and more able to carry out functions more feasibly. + it be like when you fuck bitches and get money
Personal injury protection Personal Injury Protection (PIP) is an extension of car insurance available in some American states, which covers medical expenses and, in some cases, lost wages and other damages. PIP pays off regardless of who is at fault and is mandatory in some states, especially those with no-fault laws.
Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act PIPEDA (the Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act) is a Canadian law governing how private sector organizations collect, use and disclose personal information in the course of commercial business. PIPEDA was passed in the late 1990s to promote consumer trust in electronic commerce.
Personal Internet Communicator The Personal Internet Communicator (PIC) is a simple and affordable consumer device designed by AMD in 2004 to allow people from the emerging countries like India, Mexico or the Caribbean to allow access to the internet. The PIC has already been deployed by Internet service providers (ISPs) in several developing countries.
Personal journal A diary or journal is a book for writing discrete entries arranged by date reporting on what has happened over the course of a day or other period. Such logs play a role in many aspects of human civilization, including governmental, business ledgers, and military records.
Personal jurisdiction (United States) Personal jurisdiction is the power of a court to require that a party (usually the defendant) or a witness come before the court. The court must have personal jurisdiction to enforce its judgments or orders against a party.
Personal Jesus "Personal Jesus" is Depeche Mode's twenty-third UK single, released on August 29, 1989, and the first single from the then upcoming album Violator. The song was covered by Johnny Cash, Lollipop Lust Kill and Gravity Kills in 2002, Marilyn Manson, Richard Cheese, french band No one is innocent in 2004, Tori Amos in 2005, and the Dixie Hummingbirds in 2006.
Personal life Personal life (or everyday life or human existence) is the course of an individual human's life, especially when viewed as the sum of personal choices contributing to one's personal identity. It is a common notion in modern existence – although more so in more prosperous parts of the world, such as Western Europe and North America, where there are service industries designed to help people improve their personal lives via counselling or life coaching.
Personal lubricant Personal lubricants are specialized lubricants which serve to reduce friction with the vagina, the anus, or other body parts. Personal lubricants were originally derived from surgical lubricants designed for use during medical procedures, but are now also used frequently to provide lubrication for sexual practices.
Personal luxury car A personal luxury car is a highly styled, luxurious automobile intended for the comfort and satisfaction of its owner/driver, sacrificing passenger space, cargo capacity, and other practical concerns for the sake of style. The personal luxury car has often been a lucrative market segment of the post-World War II automotive market.
Personal Lightweight GPS Receiver The Precision Lightweight GPS Receiver, or PLGR, is the most widely used GPS receiver used in the United States military today. The PLGR is a self-contained, hand-held, five-channel, single frequency GPS receiver that provides accurate Position, Velocity and Timing (PVT) data to individual warfighters and integrated platform users.
Personal mobility In Universal Personal Telecommunications (UPT), personal mobility is the ability of a user to access telecommunication services at any UPT terminal on the basis of a personal identifier, and the capability of the network to provide those services in accord with the user's service profile.
Personal name A personal name is the proper name identifying an individual person. It is nearly universal for a human person to have a name; the rare exceptions occur in the cases of mentally disturbed parents, or feral children growing up in isolation.
Personal Notes of an Infantryman "Personal Notes of an Infantryman" is another one of Salinger's War story about an older man trying to get in the military, and then overseas to combat with a surprise ending. Readers of "The Hang of It" will have a strong sense of deja vu at this story's end.
Personal organizer A personal organizer, day planner, or personal planner is a small book/binder usually containing a calendar, address book, and ruled pages in which one may record notes. Paper-and-binder personal organizers are increasingly being supplanted by electronic personal digital assistants (PDAs) and personal information manager software; some personal organizers attempt to bridge the gap by featuring holders for PDAs.
Personal possession Personal Possession is a personal, tangible property that does not grant its owner any special rights when it is not in use by him. Whereas "private property" grants an individual exclusive control over a thing whether it is use or not, "possession" grants no rights to things that are not in use.
Personal protective equipment Personal protective equipment (PPE) refers to protective clothing, helmets, goggles, or other gear designed to protect the wearer's body or clothing from injury by electrical hazards, heat, chemicals, and infection, for job-related occupational safety and health purposes, and in sports, martial arts, combat, etc. Personal armor is combat-specialized protective gear.
Personal Progress Personal Progress is the name of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints' young women's program for females of ages 12 to 18. This program is roughly analogous to the Boy Scouts of America program that young men are encouraged to participate in, but is focused more on faith and moral values and less focused on outdoor activities.
Personal Protection Officer Personal Protection Officers are Policemen (and sometimes women) of the London Metropolitan Police Royalty and Diplomatic Protection Department who are assigned for the personal protection of members of the Royal Family. The senior is the Queen's Police Officer.
Personal Public Service Number The Personal Public Service Number (PPS No) is an identifier issued by Client Identity Services, Department of Social and Family Affairs on behalf of the Minister for Social and Family Affairs in the Republic of Ireland.
Personal rapid transit Personal rapid transit (PRT), also called personal automated transport (PAT), is a category of proposed public transportation systems designed to offer automated on-demand non-stop transportation, usually targeted at urban use, on a network of specially-built guideways.
Personal rights Personal rights are the rights that a person has over his or her own body. Among personal rights are associated rights to protect and safeguard the body, most obviously protected by the torts of assault and battery.
Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc Mark Twain's work on Joan of Arc is titled in full Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc, by the Sieur Louis de Conte who is identified further as Joan's page and secretary. The work is fictionally presented as a translation from the manuscript by Jean Francois Alden, or, in the words of the published book, "Freely Translated out of the Ancient French into Modern English from the Original Unpublished Manuscript in the National Archives of France".
Personal Rescue Enclosure The personal rescue enclosure (PRE) or "rescue ball" was developed as a solution for transporting astronauts from one Space Shuttle to another in case of an emergency. The device was produced as a prototype but never flew on any missions.
Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996, , (PRWORA), is a United States federal law that was considered to be a fundamental shift in both the method and goal of federal cash assistance to the poor. PRWORA instituted Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) which became effective July 1, 1997 and replaced what was then commonly known as welfare, the Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) and the Job Opportunities and Basic Skills Training (JOBS) programs.
Personal Rights Association The body which became the Personal Rights Association (PRA) was founded in England in 1871. The 1913 Annual Report of the PRA records that 'On the 14th March, 1871, a meeting largely attended by sympathisers from various parts of England, was held in Manchester, to consider the possibility of forming a National League or Association for watching, restraining, and influencing legislation, especially in matters affecting the interests of women, and the personal rights and liberties of the people'.
Personal Rule The Personal Rule was the period from 1629 to 1640, when King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland ruled without recourse to Parliament. He was entitled to do this under the Royal Prerogative, but his actions caused discontent among those who provided the ruling classes.
Personal service corporation A personal service corporation (PSC) is a corporate entity designated within the United States tax code. The PSC designation is designed to apply to closely held corporations wherein the owner/employees are also 95% or more owners of the stock of the corporation.
Personal shopper Personal shoppers tend to be employed by department stores and boutiques (although some are freelance or work exclusively online), and are there to advise customers on what to buy. Their focus is usually on clothes, although the number of non-clothing stores- such as furniture retailers- that offer personal shopping services is on the rise, and many freelance personal shoppers will help customers shop in whatever item they happen to be after.
Personal shopping assistants Personal shopping assistants are employees in some retail stores that can help busy people shop. Many times, a customer can call a personal shopping assistant and the shopping assistant will have a selection of products already lined up when they enter the store.
Personal space Personal space is the region surrounding each person, or that area which a person considers his domain or territory. Often if entered by another being without this being desired, it makes them feel uncomfortable.
Personal Software Process The Personal Software Process is a set of guidelines and best practices to incorporate discipline in the software development process. Designed by Software Engineering Institute at Carnegie Mellon, PSP has its roots in Capability Maturity Model (CMM).
Personal Spaceflight Federation The Personal Spaceflight Federation is a private spaceflight industry group, incorporated as an industry association for the purposes of establishing ever higher levels of safety for the commercial human spaceflight industry, sharing best practices and expertise, and promoting the growth of the industry worldwide.
Personal Stop Loss Personal Stop Loss (PSL) is a type of insurance policy which limits the losses of Names at Lloyd's of London, all of whom did (and some of whom still do) underwrite with unlimited liability. Provided that the PSL responds to the claims made on it, the unlimited liability thereby becomes to some extent limited.
Personal Support Unit The Personal Support Unit (PSU) is a charity which supports members of the public who are attending either of the two main civil courts in London, England: the Royal Courts of Justice in the Strand or the Principal Registry of the Family Division at First Avenue House, High Holborn.
Personal trainer A personal trainer is a health and fitness professional who is hired for private instruction. Generally thought to be a commodity afforded only to the rich and famous, personal trainers are now available for a variety of people with a variety of goals (and with a variety of budgets).
Personal Telco The Personal Telco Project (or PTP) is a wireless community network project in Portland, Oregon. It was founded by Adam Shand in November 2000 after he read a Slashdot article about the Consume The Net project in London.
Personal Terminal (Megaman) The PET, (pronounced "P-E-T") or "PErsonal Terminal," is an electronic device that plays an important role in the Rockman EXE (Megaman Battle Network) series of video games and anime (the latter having been renamed Megaman NT Warrior in the U.S.
Personal Track Safety A Personal Track Safety (PTS) Certificate is required before anybody is allowed to work on, near or lineside of railway tracks belonging to Network Rail in the UK. Any potential employee must undergo a medical and a drug and alcohol test before attending training course covering matters of "personal track safety.
Personal unconscious Often referred to by Jung as “No man’s land” the Personal unconscious is located at the fringe of consciousness. the personal unconscious is situated between two worlds:"the exterior or spacial world and the interior or psychic objective world"(Ellenberger, 707).
Personal union A personal union is a relationship of two or more entities that are considered separate, sovereign states, which, through established law, share the same person as their respective head of state. It is not to be confused with a federation, which internationally is considered as a single state.
Personal water craft A personal water craft (PWC), or sea scooter, is a recreational watercraft that the rider sits or stands on, rather than inside of, as in a boat. Models have an inboard engine driving a pump jet that has a screw-shaped impeller to create thrust for propulsion and steering.
Personal weapon A personal weapon is a weapon that can be carried and employed by a single person, although their use may be restricted to specialist members of attack or defense teams. Some weapons are usually operated by two man teams, an aimer and a loader.
Personal Watercraft Industry Association The Personal Watercraft Industry Association (PWIA) is an American association of personal watercraft (PWC) manufacturers. It is an affiliate of the larger National Marine Manufacturers Association, and was founded in 1987.
Personal, Social and Health Education Personal, Social and Health Education (PSHE) is an element of the state school curriculum in England. It is a subject that many secondary teachers find difficult to teach because it has not had the status of an examinable subject.
Personalbrain PersonalBrain is a "thought organizer", a kind of personal knowledge management software, for the Windows operating system. It was created in 1998, by Natrificial, which eventually became TheBrain Technologies Corporation.
Personality In psychology, personality is a description of consistent emotional, thought, and behavior patterns in a person. The several theoretical perspectives on personality involve different ideas about the relationship between personality and other psychological constructs as well as different ideas about the way personality develops.
Personality alteration Personality alteration is a theory often associated with cults. The idea is that "brainwashing" causes sudden personality changes that serve the cult but do not necessarily help the friends and family.
Personality and Individual Differences Personality and Individual Differences (PAID) is a scientific journal published bi-monthly by Elsevier and founded in 1980. PAID is the official journal of the International Society for the Study of Individual Differences (ISSID).

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