Encyclopedia

Real Options Analysis Real Options Analysis involves applying the mathematical techniques found in financial options to assess the best course of action to be taken when faced with a real-life decision. For example, R&D managers can use Real Options Analysis to help them determine where to best invest their money in research.
Real party in interest In law, the real party in interest is the one who actually possesses the substantive right being asserted and has a leal right to enforce the claim (under applicable substantive law). Additionally, the "real party in interest" must sue in his own name.
Real person fiction Real Person Fiction (RPF) is a type of fan fiction featuring celebrities or other real people. In the past, terms such as actorfic were used to distinguish these stories from those based on fictional characters in movie or television fandom such as Star Trek, or more recently X-Files or The Lord of the Rings.
Real programmer The term Real Programmer is a sarcastic, sometimes pejorative term used by computer programmers to describe an archetypical, "hardcore" programmer. A real programmer eschews modern or graphical tools, such as integrated development environments, or languages other than assembly language or machine code, in favour of solutions which are more direct, or "closer to the hardware".
Real projective plane In mathematics, the real projective plane is the space of lines in R3 passing through the origin. It is a non-orientable two-dimensional manifold, that is, a surface, that has basic applications to geometry, but which cannot be embedded in our usual three-dimensional space without intersecting itself.
Real Personal Trooper Type-1 Real Personal Trooper Type-1, known better as R-1, is a fictional robot in the Super Robot Wars series. It has appeared in Shin Super Robot Wars, the Super Robot Wars Alpha series and Super Robot Taisen: Original Generation series.
Real Presence The Real Presence is the term various Christian traditions use to express their belief that, in the Eucharist, Jesus the Christ is really (and not merely symbolically, figuratively or by his power) present in what was previously just bread and wine.
Real Pro Wrestling Real Pro Wrestling (also known as RPW) is a concept announced in March 2005 for a new professional league of wrestling, similar to the amateur wrestling found in the Olympic Games and at the college and high school level. The term "Real" is meant to emphasize that it is professional (meaning the wrestlers are paid money) and it is wrestling, but that it is not professional wrestling in the traditional sense.
Real Programmers Don't Use Pascal Real Programmers Don't Use Pascal is an essay about computer programming written by Ed Post, Tektronix, Inc, Wilsonville OR USA. It has been published as a letter to the editor in Datamation, volume 29 number 7, July 1983.
Real Quality Wrestling Real Quality Wrestling (RQW) is an English professional wrestling umbrella promotion showcasing British and Irish wrestlers from various promotions of the United Kingdom with its shows being held all over Scotland, Wales, Ireland and England.
Real Radio Real Radio is also a brand of regional radio stations in the United Kingdom owned by GMG Radio. The brand was developed by John Myers around the year 2000 or 2001, who was also responsible for the similar early format of Century FM.
Real Radio (Yorkshire) Real Radio (Yorkshire) is an independent local radio station that broadcasts across South and West Yorkshire. It is the third regional radio station within the Real Radio brand (the first being in South Wales).
Real Robots Real Robots is the name of a fortnightly magazine by Eaglemoss Publications. Developed in partnership with Reading University, it allows the reader to build a robot, "Cybot", and later a companion robot, "Tom".
Real soon now The phrase "real soon now" (RSN, often capitalized as "Real Soon Now"), originally used in the science fiction fanzine community, was popularised by Jerry Pournelle's "Chaos Manor" column in BYTE magazine. RSN is described as:
Real Security Act of 2006 The Real Security Act of 2006 is broad United States national security legislation proposed by the Democrats. Among its provisions are measures to combat terrorism abroad, protect the homeland through port and transportation security and other measures, and begin a phased withdrawal of American troops from Iraq before the end of the year.
Real Shi'a A Real Shi'a is a recurring thought in the Shi'a theology. It implies that it is not enough to be the partisan of Ali to qualify to bear the title "Shi'a"; rather one must emulate him to near perfection and obey the commands of the Imam of time unconditionally.
Real Simple Real Simple is a monthly women's interest magazine published by Time Publishing Ventures. Real Simple, which was launched by Time in 2000, features articles and information related to homekeeping, childcare, cooking and emotional wellbeing.
Real Soon Real Soon is the first single release from Snoop Dogg's 2005 album compilation album Welcome to tha Chuuch: Da Album. It features the reunited Dogg Pound named DPGC with original first line-up that include Snoop and Nate Dogg and this is their debut single before releasing their new album (after reassembling again) coming out sometime in 2006.
Real Sports with Bryant Gumbel Real Sports with Bryant Gumbel is a monthly sports newsmagazine on HBO that debuted on April 2, 1995. The show was "spawned by the fact that sports have changed dramatically, that it's no longer just fun and games, and that what happens off the field, beyond the scores, is worthy of some serious reporting," according to Bryant Gumbel, the host.
Real tennis Real tennis is the original racket sport from which the modern game of lawn tennis, or tennis, is descended. Real tennis is still played at a small number of active courts in the United Kingdom, Australia, the United States, and France.
Real time business intelligence Real time business intelligence is the process of delivering information about business operations without any latency. In this context, real time means delivering information in a range from milliseconds to a few seconds after the business event.
Real time crime center The first centralized technology center for the NYPD (New York Police Department), whose primary purpose is to give field officers and detectives comprehensive, instant information to help identify patterns and stop emerging crime. The Real Time Crime Center (RTCC) is the first of its law enforcement technology center kind anywhere in the world although many fictionalized centers have been portrayed in movies and other fictional media.
Real time factor The real time factor (RTF) is a common metric of measuring the speed of an automatic speech recognition system. It can also be used in other context where an audio or video signal is processed (usually automatically) at nearly constant rate (e.
Real to Me "Real to Me" is a pop song written by Merril Bainbridge and recorded by Australian pop singer Lydia Denker and released as a CD single in 2000. The song featured heavy radio play on 2Day FM and also featured on the Big Brother Season One compilation CD.
Real Time Real Time is a webcast based on the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who which was then subsequently released on CD. It was produced by Big Finish Productions for BBCi, the interactive television service arm of the BBC and was originally webcast on the BBC Doctor Who website from August 2 to September 6, 2002.
Real Time Collaboration Real-Time Collaboration is a production methodology developed by MAXUM Studios that refines and stabilizes the communication pipeline in large team environments, making it easier and faster to work in many production-oriented industries, such as engineering, animation, or software development.
Real Time Kinematic Real Time Kinematic (RTK) satellite navigation is a technique used in land survey based on the use of carrier phase measurements of the GPS, GLONASS and/or Galileo signals where a single reference station provides the real-time corrections of even to a centimetre level of accuracy. When referring to GPS in particular, the system is also commonly referred to as Carrier-Phase Enhancement, CPGPS.
Real Time Location Systems Real Time Location Systems (RTLS) are used to track and identify the location of objects in real time using simple, inexpensive tags attached to the objects and devices (readers) that receive the wireless signals from these tags to determine their locations.
Real Time Messaging Protocol Real Time Messaging Protocol (RTMP) Is a proprietary protocol developed by Adobe Systems (formerly developed by Macromedia) that is primarily used with Macromedia Flash Media Server to stream audio and video over the internet to the Adobe Flash Player client, but can also be used for general remote procedure calls (RPC).
Real Time Streaming Protocol The Real Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP), developed by the IETF and published in 1998 as RFC 2326, is a protocol for use in streaming media systems which allows a client to remotely control a streaming media server, issuing VCR-like commands such as "play" and "pause", and allowing time-based access to files on a server.
Real Time with Bill Maher Real Time with Bill Maher is a talk show that airs weekly on HBO, hosted by comedian and political satirist Bill Maher. Much like his previous show, Politically Incorrect on ABC (previously Comedy Central), Real Time features a panel of guests that discuss current events in politics and the media.
Real union Real union is a union of two or more states, which share some state institutions; however they are not as unified as tates in a political union. It has developed from personal union and usually was limited to monarchies.
Real user monitoring Real user monitoring (RUM) is a passive web monitoring technology that records all user interaction with a website. Monitoring actual user interaction with a website is important to website operators to determine if users are being served quickly, error free and if not which part of a business process is failing.
Real Ultimate Power The Official Ninja Web page: Real Ultimate Power! is a humor website created by Robert Hamburger (as a fictional, 13-year-old character also named "Robert Hamburger") about ninjas, whom he constantly describes with absolutes such as "totally sweet".
Real world The real world is a colloquial term for the physical reality of everyday life which everyone experiences; it is also referred to as the human condition. In the context of military exercises, it means real, not an exercise.
Real Women Have Curves Real Women Have Curves is a 2002 American movie starring America Ferrera. Produced by HBO and directed by Patricia Cardoso, it debuted at the Sundance Film Festival, where it won the Audience Award in addition to Special Jury Prizes for both Ferrera and Lupe Ontiveros.
Real World/Road Rules Challenge The Real World/Road Rules Challenge is a reality television series on MTV, a spin-off of that network's two flagship reality series, The Real World and Road Rules. The Challenge pits cast members from past seasons of the two shows against each other, usually dividing them into two separate teams according to different criteria, such as by gender, which of the two shows they first appeared on, etc.
Real World/Road Rules Challenge: Fresh Meat Filmed in Australia, the Fresh Meat features one team of Real World and Road Rules alumni paired with a team of newcomers to the Challenge. Two person teams will be formed, one will come from the group of alumni from the show and one from the group of new competitors.
Real World/Road Rules Challenge: Challenge The Real World/Road Rules Challenge was the first six-team Challenge in the series and is sometimes incorrectly remembered as "the first season" although one season officially preceded it. The teams traveled via tour bus and RV starting in San Francisco, California, ending in Universal City, California competing in different individual challenges.
Real World/Road Rules Challenge: Challenge 2000 Challenge 2000 was the second six-team Challenge in the series. The teams traveled via tour bus starting in Las Vegas, Nevada, the moving to the eastern US, ending in Miami, Florida competing in different individual challenges.
Real World/Road Rules Challenge: Road Rules: All-Stars Road Rules: All Stars is officially the first season to begin the Challenge series. Although originally intended as a short season of Road Rules, the idea behind All Stars was to put six former Real World cast members in a Winnebago and have them travel around the world.
Real World/Road Rules Challenge: The Duel The Duel is the thirteenth season of the MTV television series Real World/Road Rules Challenge. It takes place in BĂşzios, Brazil, with former cast members from MTV series The Real World and Road Rules competing, along with several cast members from the previous Challenge, Fresh Meat.
Real World/Road Rules Challenge: The Inferno III The Inferno III is the 14th season of the Real World/Road Rules Challenge and the third of the Inferno series. The teams will be in the format of The Inferno II, "Good Guys" versus "Bad Asses".
Real-estate developer A real estate developer (American English) or property developer (British English) makes improvements of some kind to real property, thereby increasing its value. The developer may be an individual, but is more often a partnership, limited liability company or corporation.
Real-life superhero The term real-life superhero is variously applied to real-world people who dress and/or attempt to act like comic book superheroes. Sometimes, this label is bestowed upon them by those whom they have helped or the media, while at other times, the aspiring superheroes apply the label to themselves.
Real-time (media) Real time is a term used to describe a motion picture, television or radio program, or computer game wherein the events depicted take place entirely within the span of time that lasts from the beginning of the depiction to the end, and at the same rate.
Real-time (narratology) Real-time is a method of narratology, most commonly used in film or television, where events being represented or portrayed exactly as it occurs. The exact time of the story action is would be equal to the time it takes to view that action.
Real-time clock A real-time clock (RTC) is a computer clock (most often in the form of an integrated circuit) that keeps track of the current time. Although the term often refers to the devices in personal computers, servers and embedded systems, RTCs are present in most any electronic device which needs to keep accurate time.
Real-time computer graphics Real-time computer graphics is the subfield of computer graphics focused on producing and analyzing images in real time. The term is most often used in reference to interactive 3D computer graphics, typically using a GPU, with video games the most noticeable users.
Real-time Cmix Real-Time Cmix (RTcmix) is one of the MUSIC-N family of computer music programming languages. RTcmix is descended from the MIX program developed by Paul Lansky at Princeton University in 1978 to perform algorithmic composition using digital audio soundfiles on a VMS mainframe computer.
Real-time fMRI Real-time fMRI, broadly speaking, is a type of fMRI in which reconstruction of the raw data obtained by the scanner is done while the scan is happening. In brain scanning, this allows individuals who are undergoing the scan to see the patterns of brain activation which they are generating in one or more regions of interest or ROIs.
Real-time location services Real-time location services (RTLS) are a new breed of wireless network service that integrate location tracking capabilities with existing 802.11 (Wi-Fi) wireless networks to allow real-time location of users, assets and other valuable resources within a building, campus or outdoor environment where wireless network coverage is provided.
Real-time operating system A real-time operating system (RTOS) is a class of operating system intended for real-time applications. Such applications include embedded (programmable thermostats, household appliance controllers, mobile telephones), industrial robots, spacecraft, industrial control (see SCADA), and scientific research equipment.
Real-time polymerase chain reaction In molecular biology, real-time polymerase chain reaction, also called quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (QRT-PCR) or kinetic polymerase chain reaction, is a laboratory technique used to simultaneously quantify and amplify a specific part of a given DNA molecule. It is used to determine whether or not a specific sequence is present in the sample; and if it is present, the number of copies in the sample.
Real-time protection Real-time protection, background guard, resident shield, autoprotect, and other synonyms refer to the automatic protection provided by most antivirus, anti-spyware, and other antimalware programs, which is arguably their most important feature. This monitors computer systems for suspicious activity such as computer viruses , spyware, adware, and other malicious objects in 'real-time', in other words while the data is coming into the computer (for example when inserting a CD, opening an email, or surfing the web).
Real-time strategy Real-time strategy, often abbreviated RTS, is a genre of computer games characterized by being wargames which take place in real-time, where resource gathering, base building, technology development and direct control over individual units are key components.
Real-time tactics Real-time tactics (RTT) is a computer game genre of tactical wargames that simulates the considerations and circumstances of operational warfare and the military tactical aspects of battles. The real-time tactics genre is also sometimes called military strategy or real-time combat simulator.
Real-time Transport Protocol The Real-time Transport Protocol (or RTP) defines a standardized packet format for delivering audio and video over the Internet. It was developed by the Audio-Video Transport Working Group of the IETF and first published in 1996 as RFC 1889 which was made obsolete in 2003 by RFC 3550.
Real-time video editing Real-time video editing is a system of editing video where it takes no longer to render a video than the length of that video clip itself. For example, after a 30 minute length of video is edited it needs to be rendered, and should the system take more than 30 minutes to render the clip it is not a real-time system.
Real, The Movie Real, The Movie is a movie about the Spanish soccer club Real Madrid produced by the same club and directed by film director Borja Manso. The movie was launched for the first time in the club's stadium Santiago Bernabéu in August 25, 2005.
Realcompact space In mathematics, in the field of topology, a topological space is said to be realcompact if it can be embedded homeomorphically as a closed subset in some Cartesian power of the reals, with the product topology.
RealClimate RealClimate is a commentary site (blog) on climatology by a group of climate scientists for the interested public and journalists. It aims to provide a quick response to developing stories and provide the context sometimes missing in mainstream commentary.
RealDoll The RealDoll is a life-size sex doll (also considered a mannequin) manufactured by Abyss Creations in San Marcos, California, and sold worldwide. It has a durable, posable PVC skeleton with steel joints and silicone flesh, which is arguably the state-of-the-art for life-like human body simulation.
Realgar Realgar, α-As4S4, is an arsenic sulfide mineral. It is a soft, sectile mineral occurring in monoclinic crystals, or in granular, compact, or powdery form, often in association with the related mineral, orpiment (As2S3).
Realia In library classification systems, realia are objects such as coins, tools, games, toys, or other physical objects that do not easily fit into the neat categories of books, periodicals, sound recordings, or the like. In education, "realia" are objects from real life used in classroom instruction.
Realigning election Realigning election or realignment are terms from political history and political science describing a dramatic change in politics. It may center on a "critical election" or be spread out over several elections.
Realignment (sports) In North American sports, realignment occurs in sports when a league decides to change which teams are in which divisions, usually by creating new divisions. A main reason for having more divisions is that having more division champions can lead to better playoff matchups.
Realignment in Middle East Realignment is a controversial political term used by Arab critics to denounce what they see as a coordinated geostrategy of the United States and Israel against states in the Middle East considered to be "supporters of terrorism." The concept was promoted by Israel in early 2006, and while no overt "agreement" was noted, it is widely understood that the U.
Realignment plan The realignment plan () (originally known as the "convergence plan") is a plan that was formulated and introduced to the Israeli public by prime minister Ehud Olmert, in a number of media interviews during the election campaign for the 17th Knesset in early 2006. Olmert stated that if he was elected prime minister, within four years he would remove Israeli settlements from most of Judea and Samaria (West Bank) and consolidate them into large groups of settlements near the 1967 border.
Realism (arts) Realism in the visual arts and literature is the depiction of subjects as they appear in everyday life, without embellishment or interpretation. The term is also used to describe works of art which, in revealing a truth, may emphasize the ugly or sordid.
Realism (dramatic arts) Realism in the theatre was a general movement in the later 19th century that steered theatrical texts and performances toward greater fidelity to real life. The realist dramatists Henrik Ibsen and August Strindberg in Scandinavia and Anton Chekhov and Maksim Gorky in Russia, among others, rejected the complex and artificial plotting of the well-made play and instead present a theatrical verisimilitude that would more objectively portray life as recognizable to the audience.
Realism (international relations) Realism, also known as political realism, in the context of international relations, encompasses a variety of theories and approaches, all of which share a belief that states are primarily motivated by the desire for military and economic power or security, rather than ideals or ethics. This term is often synonymous with power politics.
Realism in the Balance Realism in the Balance is a 1938 essay by Georg Lukács in which he defends the "traditional" realism of authors like Thomas Mann in the face of rising Modernist movements, such as Expressionism, Surrealism, and Naturalism. Practitioners of these movements, such as James Joyce, placed an emphasis on displaying the discord and disenchantment of modern life through techniques that highlight individualism and individual consciousness, such as stream of consciousness.
Realistic DX-300 The Realistic DX-300 is a shortwave radio manufactured by General Research of Electronics (GRE) of Chiba, Japan and marketed in the United States by Radio Shack (Tandy Corporation) from late 1978 through 1979. The radio's theory of operation is based on the principle of the Wadley Loop and was one of the first radios marketed by Tandy Corporation to have a digital frequency display.
Realistic DX-302 The Realistic DX-302 is a shortwave radio manufactured by General Research of Electronics (GRE) of Chiba, Japan and marketed in the United States by Radio Shack (Tandy Corporation) from 1980 through 1982. The radio's theory of operation is based on the principle of the Wadley Loop tuner (developed by Trevor Wadley in the 1960s), and was one of the first radios marketed by Tandy Corporation to have a digital frequency display.
Realistic Internet Simulator Realistic Internet Simulator (aka Kill the Popups) is an internet game where the player has to close all the popup windows before there are too many on the screen, thus resulting in a blue screen of death. The name "Kill the Popups" refers to the song which goes "Kill the popups!
Reality Reality in everyday usage means "the state of things as they actually exist."Compact Oxford English Dictionary of Current English, Oxford University Press, 2005 (Full entry for reality: "reality • noun (pl.
Reality Bites Reality Bites is a 1994 film written by Helen Childress and featuring the directorial debut of Ben Stiller. It stars Stiller, Winona Ryder, and Ethan Hawke, with major supporting roles played by Janeane Garofalo and Steve Zahn.
Reality hacking Reality hacking is an artistic practice that emerges from the intersection of hacking and hacker culture, contemporary art, activism, and net culture. Reality hacking takes as its basis a broad, phenomenological point of view of the world, and considers (often unorthodox) investigations into everyday objects and situations a meaningful way of probing into the working of varied social contexts.
Reality Check NY Reality Check (RC) is a teen-led anti-tobacco movement in New York State. Thousands of teens between the ages of 13 and 18 participate in Reality Check and work towards the organization's stated purpose of alerting other teens about their belief that the tobacco industry specifically markets to minors.
Reality Checkpoint Reality Checkpoint is the name given to a large lamp-post in the middle of Parker's Piece, Cambridge, England where the diagonal paths cross in the middle of the common. The name comes from an unofficial inscription which has been painted on the lamp-post since the early 1970s.
Reality porn Reality porn is a genre of pornography where staged scenes, usually shot in cinéma vérité fashion, set up and prelude sexual encounters. These scenes may either have the cameraman directly engaging in sex (see Gonzo pornography) or merely filming others having sex.
Reality shift Reality shift is a term used by proponents of anomalous phenomena to describe what they feel are enigmatic changes in physical, spatial, or temporal reality. This may include unaccountable physical changes of reality perceived, the unexplained appearance or disappearance of objects of any size, and even spontaneous healing.
Reality television Reality television is a genre of television programming which presents supposedly unscripted dramatic or humorous situations, documents actual events, and features ordinary people instead of professional actors. Although the genre has existed in some form or another since the early years of television, the current explosion of popularity dates from around 2000.
Reality tunnel Reality tunnel is a term coined by Timothy Leary and popularised by Robert Anton Wilson. It refers to the concept that with a subconscious set of filters formed from their beliefs and experiences, everyone interprets this same world differently, hence "Truth is in the eye of the beholder".
Reality Trip Reality Trip is episodes thirty seven and thirty eight of the TV-series Danny Phantom. Danny, Tucker, and Sam are getting ready for summer vacation, however when Freakshow arrives and kidnaps their parents, they must find the Reality Gems for the Reality Gauntlet in order to save them!
Reality-based community "Reality-based community" is a popular term among Internet bloggers that is an example of political framing. In the fall of 2004, the phrase "proud member of the reality-based community," was first used to suggest the blogger's opinions are based more on observation than faith, assumption, or ideology and that others who disagree are unrealistic.
Realization Realization, in the accounting (US GAAP) context, has a broader meaning than in the general economic context, in that changes in the market price of marketable securities held for trading (speculative) reasons are considered realized at the end of each accounting period even if the reporting entity continues to hold the securities.
Realization (climb) Realization, also known as Biographie, is a sport climb in CeĂĽse, France. While not having been graded by its first ascensionist (Chris Sharma in July 2001), it is generally considered to be the world's first 5.
Really Really Free Market The Really, Really Free Market (RRFM) movement is a nonhierarchical collective of individuals who form a temporary market based on an alternative gift economy. The RRFM movement aims to counteract capitalism in a non-reactionary way.
Really Rosie Really Rosie is a musical with a book and lyrics by Maurice Sendak and music by Carole King. This is based on books by Sendak - the 4 nutshell gang books ("Chicken Soup with Rice", "Pierre", "One was Johnny", and "Alligators All Around") and "The Sign Over Rosie's Door".
Really Saying Something: The Platinum Collection Really Saying Something: The Platinum Collection is one of several greatest hits collections by English girl group Bananarama. It was the second hits package released by Warner Music Group, parent company of Bananarama's label London Records (the first being The Very Best of Bananarama in 2001).
Really Useful Group The Really Useful Group (RUG) is an international company set up in 1977 by Lord Andrew Lloyd Webber. It is involved in theatre, film, television, video and concert productions, merchandising, magazine publishing, records and music publishing.
Realm A Realm is the dominions of a king (or queen), a kingdom. The Old French reaume (modern French royaume) was the form first adopted in English, and the modern spelling does not appear fixed until the beginning of the 17th century.
Realm (British magazine) Realm is a large, coffee table magazine, with lots of pictures, that covers all corners of the United Kingdom. It fouses particularly on sites and topics of interest to tourists from North America, and carries frequent not on the royal family and British government.
Realm (World of Warcraft) World of Warcraft uses server clusters, known as 'realms', to allow players to choose their preferred gameplay type, and to allow the game to support as many subscribers as it does. Users may have up to ten characters per realm, and up to a maximum of fifty characters per account.
Realm of Chaos (Warhammer) Realm of Chaos is a two-volume publication by Games Workshop concerning the forces of Chaos. The hardback books contain background material and rules for Warhammer Fantasy Roleplay (1st edition), Warhammer 40,000: Rogue Trader and Warhammer Fantasy Battle (3rd edition).
Realm of Impossibility Realm of Impossibility is a computer game created by Mike Edwards and published by Electronic Arts in 1984 for the Apple IIe, Atari 8-bit family and Commodore 64 computer systems. It was converted to the ZX Spectrum in 1985 and published by Ariolasoft UK Ltd.
Realm of New Zealand The Realm of New Zealand is the territory in which the Queen in right of New Zealand is head of state. The Realm comprises the Cook Islands, New Zealand, Niue, Tokelau and New Zealand's Ross Dependency in Antarctica.
Realm of Shadows Realm of Shadows or RoS, is a Smaug-based Multi User Dungeon with a medieval theme. This particular MUD is heavily modified with 100% original areas, and features the very first 100% random item generator (very popular among mud addicts).

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