Encyclopedia

Reeling Reeling (1976) was Pauline Kael's fifth collection of movie reviews, covering the years 1972 - 1975. The book is largely composed of movie reviews, ranging from her famous review of Last Tango in Paris to A Woman Under the Influence, but it also contains a longer essay entitled "On the Future of Movies" as well as a book review of The Fred Astaire & Ginger Rogers Book, by fellow The New Yorker dance critic Arlene Croce.
Reeling In The Years Reeling In The Years is a historical documentary series broadcast in Ireland by Radio Telefís Éireann. Each episode, approximately 25 minutes long, looks back at the news and events of a particular year, from 1962 to 1999.
ReelTime Media Ltd ReelTime Media Ltd (ASX code RMA) is Australia’s only national, ISP independent, broadband TV service offering major multi-studio current release movies, TV episodes, favourite library titles, arthouse and foreign films. ReelTime.
Reelworld Reelworld is a producer of radio jingles based in Seattle, Washington. It was established in 1995 by Steve Thomas and Erik Huber and is well known for its production of contemporary radio ID jingles and imaging products.
ReelzChannel ReelzChannel is a digital cable television channel owned by Hubbard Broadcasting Corporation that airs programming about movies. It features news and information on all films currently in theatres as well as information on films released on DVD and airing on cable television each week.
Reem Kelani Reem Kelani is a Diaspora Palestinian, born in Manchester and brought up in Kuwait. Initially influenced by the Jazz music her father used to play on his record player, a family wedding Reem attended in her maternal home in Galilee in the seventies sparked her interest in Palestinian music.
Reema Abdo Reema Abdo (born May 19, 1963 in Aden) is a former backstroke swimmer, who was born in the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen and competed for Canada at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California. There the resident of Picton, Ontario won the bronze medal in the 4x100m Medley Relay, alongside Anne Ottenbrite, Michelle MacPherson, and Pamela Rai.
Reema Bansal Drawn into arts at the age of three, encouraged by her mother and enthused by her teachers, she persisted with the brush despite her neuropathy - a disease which entails weakening of hands, arms, feet and legs. She has many awards and certificates to her credit obtained from various drawing and painting competitions.
Reena Combo Reena Combo, born 14 February 1982, is an actress and the former editor of British national entertainment weekly newspaper Desi Xpress, published by Urban Media, who also produce the The Asian Today, of which Reena was the sub-editor.
Reengineering (software) The reengineering of software was described by Chikofsky and Cross in their 1990 paper, Reverse Engineering and Design Recovery: A Taxonomy, as "the examination and alteration of a system to reconstitute it in a new form". Less formally, reengineering is the modification of a software system that takes place after it has been reverse engineered, generally to add new functionality, or to correct errors.
Reentrant A computer program or routine is described as reentrant if it can be safely called recursively or from multiple processes. To be reentrant, a function must hold no static data, must not return a pointer to static data, must work only on the data provided to it by the caller, and must not call non-reentrant functions.
Reentry capsule The Reentry capsule is the part of the Soviet/Russian Soyuz or Chinese Shenzhou spacecraft that returns to Earth after a space flight. The reentry capsule, which is shaped like that of an old-fashioned headlight, contains the spacecraft's instrument panel, limited storage space, and seats for up to 3 crew members.
Reepham, Norfolk Reepham is a small town in North Norfolk and has had 'market town' status since 1277; a sign to mark this has recently been erected. The town has undergone significant development throughout its life, with the housing in the area showing a mix of vintages, styles and purposes.
Reese Air Force Base Reese Air Force Base was a base of the United States Air Force located near Lubbock, Texas. The base was closed 30 September 1997 after being selected for closure by the Base Realignment and Closure Commission in 1995.
Reese Bowen Brabson Reese Bowen Brabson was an American politician and a member of the United States House of Representatives for the 3rd congressional district of Tennessee. He was born at Brabsons Ferry near Knoxville on September 16, 1817.
Reese Roper Michael Reese Roper of Denver, Colorado gained his fame from being the lead singer and chief song writer for the Christian third-wave ska band Five Iron Frenzy. After Five Iron Frenzy broke up, he formed another band, Roper, and is also working on his third album with the non-touring band Brave Saint Saturn.
Reese's Puffs Reese's Puffs (originally Reese's Peanut Butter Puffs) is a breakfast cereal manufactured by General Mills. Originally consisting of chocolate and peanut butter corn puffs, the two flavors were later separated as individual puffs in the same cereal.
Reese, Texas Reese is a rural community in Cherokee County, Texas, United States, situated in the East Texas region. Its population was last estimated at 75 Texas Towns Database, Texas Almanac, 2006-2007 Edition, Dallas Morning News/Texas A&M University Press.
Reesor Siding Strike of 1963 The Reesor Siding Strike of 1963 was one of the defining labour conflicts in Canadian history, resulting in the shooting of 11 union members. The small Francophone town of Reesor Siding is located approximately halfway between Kapuskasing and Hearst in northern Ontario.
Reeth Reeth is a small town in Yorkshire Dales within the Richmondshire district of North Yorkshire, England and principal settlement of Swaledale. It is situated at the meeting point of the two most northerly of the Yorkshire Dales - Swaledale and Arkengarthdale.
Reeves Gabrels Reeves Gabrels is an American guitarist, best known for his 11-year partnership with David Bowie. Once taught by John Scofield and introduced to Bowie by his wife, Gabrels joined forces with the chameleon and the Sales brothers for the eighties hard-rock band Tin Machine, and then later becoming an essential part of Bowie's nineties sound, notably on Outside and Earthling.
Reeves's Muntjac Formosan Reeves's Muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi; Chinese name: 山羌), or just Reeves's Muntjac, is an endemic muntjac species of Taiwan. The muntjac is also found on the mainland of eastern Asia, and have been successfully introduced in the Netherlands and England.
Reeves's Pheasant The Reeves's Pheasant, Syrmaticus reevesii is a large, up to 210cm long, pheasant with a scaled golden body plumage, grey legs, brown iris and red skin around eye. The head is white with a black narrow band extends from its eyes.
Reexamination In United States patent law, a reexamination is a process whereby a third party or inventor can have their patent application reexamined by a patent examiner to verify that it is valid. In order to have a patent reexamined, the party of interest must submit prior art that raises a "substantial new question of validity".
Ref Sanchez Refugio Sanchez, better known as Ref Sanchez an American actor who appeared mostly in television shows in smaller acting parts and was also a well-known fashion photographer in the 1950s through the 1970s. He was born in Arizona in 1917 and died in 1986 from brain cancer.
Ref'at al-Gammal Ref'at Ali Slueiman al-Gammal () (July 1, 1927 – 1982), known as R'afat Al-Haggan () in Egypt and as Jack Bitton in Israel, was an Egyptian spy who spent 17 years performing clandestine operations in Israel. Most information about him is still confidential.
Refaat Ismael Refaat Ismael (Arabic:رفعت إسماعيل) (born July 1924) is the main character in Ma Waraa Al Tabiaa series by Ahmad Khaled Towfeq. According to the series, he was born in Kafr Badr village in Ash Sharqiyah in Egypt.
Refactorable number A refactorable number or tau number is an integer n that is divisible by the count of its divisors, or to put it algebraically, n is such that tau(n)|n. The first few refactorable numbers are listed in 1, 2, 8, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 40, 56, 60, 72, 80, 84, 88, 96
Refactoring Refactoring is the process of rewriting a computer program or other material to improve its structure or readability, while explicitly preserving its meaning or behavior. Neil Roodyn recommends that "if you refactor, you should also have test fixtures in place: They can validate that your refactorings don't change the behavior of your software.
Refael Shapiro Rabbi Refael Shapiro (1837-1921) was the famed Rosh Yeshiva of the Volozhin yeshiva and a son-in-law of Rabbi Naftali Zvi Yehuda Berlin (the Netziv). After the Volozhin yeshiva was closed down in 1892 by order of the Russian government, he reopened it, albeit on a smaller scale in 1899.
Refback A Refback is one of three types of Linkbacks, methods for Web authors to request notification when somebody links to one of their documents. This enables authors to keep track of who is linking to, or referring to their articles.
Refeeding syndrome Refeeding syndrome is a syndrome consisting of metabolic disturbances that occur as a result of reinstitution of nutrition to patients who are starved or severely malnourished. It usually occurs within four days of starting to feed again.
Referee (football) A referee presides over a game of association football (soccer). The referee has "full authority to enforce the Laws of the Game in connection with the match to which he has been appointed" (Law 5), and the referee's decisions regarding facts connected with play are final, so far as the result of the game is concerned.
Reference In general, a reference is something that refers to or designates something else, or acts as a connection or a link between two things. The objects it links may be concrete, such as books or locations, or abstract, such as data, thoughts, or memories.
Reference (computer science) In computer science, a reference is an object containing information which refers to data stored elsewhere, as opposed to containing the data itself. Accessing the value referred to by a reference is called dereferencing it.
Reference (C++) In the C++ programming language, a reference is a simple reference datatype that is less powerful but safer than the pointer type inherited from C, which is a reference in the general sense but not in the sense used by C++.
Reference architecture A reference architecture provides a proven template solution for an architecture for a particular domain. It also provide a common vocabulary with which to discuss implementations, often with the aim to stress commonality.
Reference circuit In telecommunication, a reference circuit is a hypothetical electric circuit of specified equivalent length and configuration, and having a defined transmission characteristic or characteristics, used primarily as a reference for measuring the performance of other, i.e.
Reference class problem In statistics, the reference class problem is the problem of defining a bayesian prior distribution by the method of imaginary reference sets. It follows from the elementary foundations of probability theory that there is no unique way of doing this.
Reference collection A reference collection is a collection of objects maintained for the purpose of study and authentication. Reference collections are generally large undertakings maintained by institutions; instead of having a single representative of each object, they will typically have multiples, so as to illustrate variations and, sometimes, provide samples for comparisons.
Reference counting In computer science, reference counting is a technique of storing the number of references, pointers, or handles to a resource such as an object or block of memory. It is typically used as a means of deallocating objects which are no longer referenced.
Reference data (financial markets) In order to facilitate rapid, error-free completion of financial transactions across multiple geographical markets and in support of increasingly complex products, the financial service industry and regulatory agencies have pursued a policy of standardizing the reference data that define and describe such transactions.
Reference design Reference design refers to a technical blueprint of a system that is intended for others to copy. It contains the essential elements of the system; however, third parties may enhance or modify the design as required.
Reference Daily Intake Reference Daily Intake (RDI) is the daily dietary intake level of a nutrient considered sufficient to meet the requirements of nearly all (97–98%) healthy individuals in each life-stage and gender group. The RDI is used to determine the Recommended Daily Value (RDV) which is printed on food labels in the U.
Reference group A reference group is a sociological concept referring to a group to which another group is compared. Reference groups are used in order to evalute and determine the nature of a given individual or other group's characeristics and sociological attributes.
Reference implementation (computing) In computing, a reference implementation (or, infrequently, sample implementation) is a software example of a standard for use in helping others implement their own versions of the standard. A standard is much easier to understand with a working example in hand.
Reference letter A reference letter or letter of reference is a letter in which the writer makes a general assessment of the qualities, characteristics, and capabilities of a person, or confirms details about that individual’s situation or circumstances. Reference letters are different from recommendation letters in the sense that they are usually more general in nature and are not normally addressed to a specific requestor.
Reference management software Reference management software, citation management software or personal bibliographic management software is software for scholars and authors to use for recording and utilising bibliographic citations (references). Once a citation has been recorded, it can be used time and again in generating bibliographies, such as lists of references in scholarly books, articles and essays.
Reference model Reference model, a notion used in standard conceptual (computing) models. A reference model is an abstract representation of the entities and relationships involved in a problem space, and forms the conceptual basis for the development of more concrete models of the space (and ultimately implementations, in a computing context).
Reference monitor In operating systems architecture, a reference monitor is a tamperproof, always-invoked, and small enough to be fully-tested and analyzed module that controls all software access to data objects or devices (verifiable). The reference monitor verifies the nature of the request against a table of allowable access types for each process on the system.
Reference News Reference News (Simplified Chinese: 参考消息, Pinyin: Cānkǎo Xiāoxī), began at December 7 1931, is a newspaper daily which has the largest circulation in China with 3 million It is published by Xinhua News Agency].
Reference question In Canadian law, a Reference Question is a submission by the federal or a provincial government to the courts asking for an opinion on a major legal issue. Typically the question concerns the constitutionality of legislation.
Reference rate A reference rate is a rate that determines pay-offs in a financial contract and that is outside the control of the parties to the contract. It is often some form of LIBOR rate, but it can take many forms, such as a consumer price index, a house price index or an unemployment rate.
Reference scenarios A reference scenario is an imagined situation where a library patron brings a question to a librarian and there is then a conversation, called in the field a reference interview, where the librarian works to help the patron find what he or she wants. These scenarios are used in training future librarians how to help patrons.
Reference software Reference software is software which emulates and expands upon print reference forms including the dictionary, translation dictionary, encyclopedia, thesaurus, and atlas. Like print references, reference software can either be general or specific to a domain, and often includes maps and illustrations, as well as bibliography and statistics.
Reference surface In fiber optic technology, a reference surface is that surface of an optical fiber that is used to contact the transverse-alignment elements of a component such as a connector or mechanical splice. For telecommunications-grade fibers, the reference surface is the outer surface of the cladding.
Reference values Reference value is a term used in medicine to denote a laboratory value used as a reference for values obtained by laboratory examinations of patients or samples (blood, urine or other materials) collected from patients.
References to Calvin and Hobbes Bill Watterson's comic strip Calvin and Hobbes reached considerable heights of popularity, which as of 2007 it continues to maintain. Many later artists incorporated references to Watterson's work within their own, and Watterson's cartoon duo continue to appear throughout popular culture.
References to Hamlet Numerous references to Hamlet in popular culture (in film, literature, arts, etc.) reflect the continued influence of this play, which is probably the most popular of Shakespeare's plays, judging by the number of productions.
References to Oscar Wilde in popular culture Oscar Wilde is an iconic figure in modern popular culture, both as a wit and as an archetype of gay identity. Especially since the 1970s, there are many references to Wilde and his works in comedies and dramas, as well as in songs, comics, and graphic novels.
References to the board game Monopoly in popular culture Since Parker Brothers first published and marketed the board game Monopoly in 1935, it has influenced popular culture in many ways. It has been referenced in television, cartoons, comic strips, novels, and comedy routines, among others.
References to the board game Risk in popular culture Since Parker Brothers first published and marketed the board game Risk in 1959, it has influenced popular culture in a myriad of ways. It has been referenced in numerous movies, television series, as well as in music.
References to The Prisoner in popular culture Themes from The Prisoner are persistently referenced and parodied in popular culture, appearing in the songs of several bands, tabletop RPG and video games, movies, and television shows. Many references draw upon the shows unconventional technocratic fantasy prison, the Village.
Referenda in the United Kingdom Referenda (or referendums) are only occasionally held by the government of the United Kingdom. Nine referenda have been held so far (excluding referenda held under the Local Government Act 1972 - see below), the first in 1973; only one of these covered the whole UK.
Referendum A referendum (plural: 'referendums' or 'referenda') or plebiscite (from Latin plebiscita, originally a decree of the Concilium Plebis) is a direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal. This may be the adoption of a new constitution, a constitutional amendment, a law, the recall of an elected official or simply a specific government policy.
Referendum concerning the prohibition of the sale of firearms and ammunition The referendum concerning the prohibition of the sale of firearms and ammunition (Portuguese: Referendo sobre a proibição da comercialização de armas de fogo e munições) was a referendum that took place in Brazil on October 23, 2005. The possible outcome was either an approval or disapproval of Article 35 of the Disarmament Statute (Brazilian Law 10826) which stated that "The sale of firearms and ammunition is prohibited in the entire national territory, except to those entities provided in article 6 of this Law".
Referendums in Canada National referendums are seldom used in Canada, and have tended to fail. The first two saw voters in Québec and the rest of Canada take dramatically opposing stands, the third saw most of the voters take a stand dramatically opposed to that of the politicians in power.
Referendums in New Zealand Referendums (or referenda) are held only occasionally by the government of New Zealand. Eleven referendums have been held so far (excluding referendums on alcohol licensing, which were held triennially between 1894 and 1989).
Referential indeterminacy Linguistic term referring to situations in which different people vary in naming objects. For example, William Labov studied this effect using illustrations of different drinking vessels to see what people would label as "cups" and what people would label as "mugs".
Referential transparency Referential transparency is a property of parts of computer programs. An expression is said to be referentially transparent if it can be replaced with its value without changing the program (in other words, yielding a program that has the same effects and output on the same input).
Referer spam Referer spam is a kind of spamdexing (spamming aimed at search engines). The technique involves making repeated web site requests using a fake referer url that points to the site the spammer wishes to advertise.
Referred itch Referred itch (also known as Mitempfindung) is a phenomenon experienced by about one person in fourwhere scratching an [[itch] on one part of the body produces an itching sensation on a different, apparently unrelated part of the body. Also feeling an itch on a part of the body, but when trying to locate or scratch, feels like it is in a different location, even though it feels like you are scratching it.
Referred pain Referred pain is an unpleasant sensation localised to an area separate from the site of the causative injury or other painful stimulation. Often, referred pain arises when a nerve is compressed or damaged at or near its origin.
Refeudalization Refeudalization is the process of recovering mechanisms and relationships that used to define feudalism. Because the term "feudalism" is slightly ambiguous, "refeudalization" is ambiguous, too.
Refilwe Refilwe (We're blessed) is a township near Lanseria Airport, north of Johannesburg in Gauteng Province, South Africa. It was established in 1991 when Jean Stewart and Yvonne Jaques started primary health treatment in the corner of a small hall in the Drummond settlement, Lanseria.
Refinancing risk In banking and finance, refinancing risk is the possibility that a borrower cannot refinance by borrowing to repay existing debt. Many types of commercial lending incorporate bullet payments at the point of final maturity; often, the intention or assumption is that the borrower take out a new loan to pay the existing lenders.
Refined grains Refined grains, in contrast to whole grains, are grains and their flours whose brans and/or endosperms have been mechanically removed. Further refining includes fine grinding, sifting, mixing, bleaching, and brominating.
Refined Printing Command Stream Refined Printing Command Stream, also known as RPCS, is a vector-based Zenographics Zx-protocol comparison and overview printing/duplicating control protocol, designed for communication between Microsoft Windows PC clients, and several lines of Ricoh copiers. Drivers provided by Ricoh install the chosen copier to behave as a printer device.
Refinement In formal methods, refinement is the verifiable transformation of an abstract (high-level) formal specification into a concrete (low-level) executable program. Stepwise refinement allows this process to be done in stages.
Refinement Calculus The Refinement Calculus is a formalized approach to stepwise refinement for program construction. The required behaviour of the final executable program is specified as an abstract and perhaps non-executable "program", which is then refined by a series of correctness-preserving transformations into an efficiently executable program.
Refining (metallurgy) Refining (as in non-metallurgical uses) consists of purifying an impure material in this case a metal. It is to be distinguished from other processes such as smelting and calcining in that they involve a chemical change to the raw material, whereas in refining the final material is usually identical chemically to the original one, only it is purer.
Refinishing Refinishing in woodworking and decorative arts means fixing or redoing the finishing paint, varnish or other top coating of an object, from resanding to new paint and new varnish. The artisan or restorer is traditionally aiming for an improved or restored and renewed finish.
Reflecting God Study Bible The Reflecting God Study Bible is a study Bible published by Zondervan in conjunction with the Christian Holiness Partnership which, as a Wesleyan revision of the NIV Study Bible, utilized the New International Version (NIV). Following a 10-year negotiation with Zondervan by two publishing consortiums, Holiness Publishers Alliance, and Light and Life Communications, Zondervan struck an agreement with the Christian Holiness Partnership resulting in this volume.
Reflecting telescope A reflecting telescope (reflector) is an optical telescope which uses a combination of curved and plane (flat) mirrors to reflect light and form an image (catoptric), rather than lenses to refract or bend light to form an image (dioptric).
Reflection (album) Reflection was an album recorded in 1971 by folk-rock band Pentangle: Terry Cox, Bert Jansch, Jacqui McShee, John Renbourn and Danny Thompson. The folk numbers on this album are more Appalachian than British—in both the selection of songs and the arrangements, with notable use of banjos.
Reflection (computer science) In computer science, reflection is the process by which a computer program of the appropriate type can be modified in the process of being executed, in a manner that depends on abstract features of its code and its runtime behavior. Figuratively speaking, it is then said that the program has the ability to "observe" and possibly to modify its own structure and behavior.
Reflection (electrical) Reflection in an electrical circuit occurs at locations where there is an impedance mismatch. This can occur if there is a change in the material comprising the circuit, or if the physical material ends abruptly (see antenna).
Reflection (mathematics) In mathematics, a reflection (also spelt reflexion) is a map that transforms an object into its mirror image. For example, a reflection of the small English letter p in respect to a vertical line would look like q.
Reflection (physics) Reflection is the change in direction of a wave front at an [between two dissimilar media] so that the wave front returns into the medium from which it originated. Common examples include the reflection of [[light, sound and water waves.
Reflection attack A reflection attack is a potential way of attacking a challenge-response authentication system which uses the same protocol in both directions. The basic idea is to trick the target into providing the answer to its own challenge.
Reflection coefficient The reflection coefficient is used in physics and electrical engineering when wave propagation in a medium containing discontinuities is considered. A reflection coefficient describes either the amplitude or the intensity of a reflected wave relative to an incident wave.
Reflection formula In mathematics, a reflection formula or reflection relation for a function f is a relationship between f(a-x) and f(x). It is a special case of a functional equation, and it is very common in the literature to refer to use the term "functional equation" when "reflection formula" is meant.
Reflection mapping In Computer Graphics, reflection mapping is an efficient method of simulating a complex mirroring surface by means of a precomputed texture image. The texture is used to store the image of the environment surrounding the rendered object.
Reflection nebula In astronomy, reflection nebulae are clouds of dust which are simply reflecting the light of a nearby star or stars. The nearby star or stars are not hot enough to cause ionization in the gas of the nebula like in emission nebulae but are bright enough to give sufficient scattering to make the dust visible.
Reflection of Something Relfection of Something is the sophomore album by Contemporary Christian songwriter Todd Agnew, and was released in 2005. It features the popular songs My Jesus and Unchanging One, both of which get much limelight on most modern CCM stations in America.
Reflection principle In set theory, a branch of mathematics, a reflection principle says that we can find sets that resemble the class of all sets. There are several different forms of the reflection principle depending on exactly what one means by "resemble".
Reflection Riding Arboretum and Botanical Garden Reflection Riding Arboretum and Botanical Garden (300 acres) is a nonprofit arboretum, botanical garden, and historical site located at 400 Garden Road, Chattanooga, Tennessee. It is open Monday through Saturday, plus Sundays in the warmer months; an admission fee is charged.
Reflection seismology Reflection seismology or seismic reflection is a branch of seismology that uses reflected seismic waves to produce images of the Earth's subsurface. The method requires a controlled seismic source of energy, such as dynamite or a specialized air gun.
Reflections (Apocalyptica album) Reflections is Apocalyptica's fifth album, released in 2003 with a special-edition called Reflections Revised released in later part of 2003 containing a DVD as well as the original album with four bonus tracks.
Reflections (Care Enough) "Reflections (Care Enough)" is a song written and produced by American singer Mariah Carey and Lionel Cole for Carey's tenth studio album, Glitter. The ballad has Carey, in character as Billie Frank in the film Glitter, reflecting on how her mother didn't "care enough" for her.

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