Encyclopedia

Repressuring Repressuring is the method by which the pressure inside a crude oil well is increased so as to increase the output of the well. Pumping crude oil from an reservoir causes its pressure to drop, which further reduces pumpability.
Reprieve (organisation) Reprieve is the name of a number of not-for-profit organizations around the world which work against the death penalty, with a particular focus on legal support for those facing the death penalty. There are Reprieve organizations in the UK, the US, Australia and the Netherlands, with additional supporters and volunteers coming from Ireland, France and Spain.
Reprimand A reprimand is a police prosecution within the United Kingdom that is given to people 17 years and under who break the law and get arrested for the first time. It is an opportunity to get the offender to think about what they have done and to realise the consequences of their actions.
Reprise In music a reprise is the repetition or return of the opening material later in a composition such as occurs in the recapitulation of sonata form, though it originally (18th century) was simply any repeated section, such as is indicated by beginning and ending repeat signs. (Stein 2005, p.
Reprivatization Reprivatization refers to the process of restoring to its former owners properties seized by a government, or to the process of compensating previously uncompensated former owners. This is often a component of larger privatization schemes.
Reprobation Reprobation, in Christian theology, is a corollary to the Calvinist doctrine of unconditional election which derives that since (in this view) some of mankind (the elect) are predestined by God for salvation, the remainder are necessarily pre-ordained to damnation, i.e.
Reproducibility Reproducibility is one of the main principles of the scientific method, and refers to the ability of a test or experiment to be accurately reproduced, or replicated, by someone else working independently. The term is very closely related to the concept of testability and, depending on the particular field, may require the test or experiment to be falsifiable.
Reproducing kernel Hilbert space In functional analysis (a branch of mathematics), a reproducing kernel Hilbert space is a function space in which pointwise evaluation is a continuous linear functional. Equivalently, they are spaces that can be defined by reproducing kernels.
Reproduction (economics) In Marxian economics, economic reproduction refers to recurrent (or cyclical) processes by which the initial conditions necessary for economic activity to occur are constantly re-created. Karl Marx developed the original insights of Quesnay to model the circulation of capital, money and commodities in the second volume of Das Kapital.
Reproduction fees Reproduction fees are charged by image collections for the right to reproduce images in publications. This is not the same as a copyright fee, but is charged separately, as is the cost of the provision of the image.
Reproductive endocrinology Reproductive endocrinology (RE) is a medical subspecialty that addresses hormonal functioning as it pertains to reproduction. While a major focus of RE is infertility, reproductive endocrinologists also evaluate and treat hormonal dysfunctions in female and males outside of infertility.
Reproductive health Within the framework of WHO's definition of health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, reproductive health addresses the reproductive processes, functions and system at all stages of life. Reproductive health, therefore, implies that people are able to have a responsible, satisfying and safe sex life and that they have the capability to reproduce and the freedom to decide if, when and how often to do so.
Reproductive isolation An important concept in evolutionary biology, reproductive isolation is a category of mechanisms that prevent two or more populations from exchanging genes. The separation of the gene pools of populations, under some conditions, can lead to the genesis of distinct species.
Reproductive rights Reproductive rights (also procreative liberty) refers to what supporters view as human rights in areas of sexual reproduction. Reproductive rights advocates support the right to control one's reproductive functions — such as the rights to reproduce (such as opposition to forced sterilization), as well as rights to not reproduce (such as support for access to birth control and abortion) — the right to privacy, medical coverage, right to contraception, family planning and protection from discrimination and harassment.
Reproductive success Reproductive success is defined as the passing of genes onto the next generation in a way that they too can pass those genes on. In practice, this is often a tally of the number of offspring produced by an individual.
Reproductive synchrony Reproductive synchrony, or synchronous spawning is a term used in evolutionary biology and behavioural ecology to describe the way in which many species time reproduction to a proximate cue. The term can operate on the level of individuals or entire communities.
Reproductive system The reproductive system is the ensembles and interactions of organs and/or substances within an organism that strictly pertain to reproduction. As an example, this would include in the case of female mammals, the hormone estrogen, ova, and the uterus and the vagina, but not the breasts.
Reproductive value Reproductive value (RV) is a term used in social psychology to describe the level of attractiveness of women. The reproduction value theory introduces a mechanism that men unintentionally use when "searching" for a partner.
Reprogenetics Reprogenetics is a term referring to the merging of reproductive and genetic technologies expected to happen in the near future as techniques like preimplantation genetic diagnosis and embryo selection become more available and more powerful. The term was coined by Lee M.
Reprogramming Reprogramming refers to erasure and reestablishment of DNA methylation during mammalian development. After fertilization some cells of the newly formed embryo migrate to the germinal ridge and will eventually become the germ cells (sperm and oocytes).
Reprography Reprography is the reproduction of graphics through mechanical or electrical means, such as photography or xerography. Reprography is commonly used in catalogs and archives, as well as in the architectural, engineering, and construction industries.
RepRap Project The RepRap Project is creating a partially self-replicating rapid prototyping machine. Simplistically a rapid prototyper is a 3D printer that is able to fabricate three dimensional artifacts from a computer-based model.
Reps Theatre Reps Theatre (also known as The Repertory Players or simply Reps) is a multi-racial Zimbabwe theatre and theatrical company based in the capital city of Harare. It is one of Zimbabwe's oldest amateur theatrical companies.
Repsol Tower Repsol Tower (Torre Repsol in Spanish) is a skyscraper currently under construction located in the Cuatro Torres Business Area in Madrid, Spain. With a height of 250 m and 45 floors it will be the tallest of the four towers in the complex, just 89 cm above the Crystal Tower.
Repsol YPF Repsol YPF is an integrated Spanish oil and gas company with operations in 29 countries, the bulk of its assets located in Spain and Argentina. The product of a 1999 takeover of Argentine energy firm YPF by the Spanish conglomerate Repsol S.
Reptantia The Reptantia is a group of decapod crustaceans, including lobsters, crabs and many other well-known creatures. In older classifications, Reptantia is a sub-order alongside Natantia, with Reptantia containing the walking forms, and Natantia the swimming forms (prawns, shrimp and boxer shrimp).
Reptar Reptar is a fictional dinosaur from the American animated television series, Rugrats. Reptar is green and sometimes red-violet and lilac, with rounded, blue spike-like appendages on his back, similar to Godzilla.
Reptile centre A reptile centre is typically a facility devoted to keeping living reptiles, educating the public about reptiles, and serving as a control center for collecting reptiles that turn up in populated areas. Most are public-access, run as private business or state-sponsored.
Reptile House Reptile House was a 1980s hardcore punk band from Baltimore's music scene. The band included Daniel Higgs, later of Lungfish, as well as drummer London May who went on to play in Glenn Danzig's post Misfits band Samhain.
Reptile Palace Orchestra The Reptile Palace Orchestra is a band based in Madison, Wisconsin which specializes in lounge, klezmer and other Eastern European music. It began in 1994 with a gig at the Club de Wash, and since that time has become a notable fixture in the Madison music scene.
Reptilia (song) "Reptilia" is the second single lifted from Room on Fire, the sophomore album of acclaimed American garage rock/post-punk band The Strokes. The single's B-side contains "Modern Girls & Old Fashion Men", where lead singer Julian Casablancas duets with Regina Spektor.
Reptilian humanoid Reptilian humanoids are intelligent, supernatural, or highly developed reptile-like humanoids in mythology, popular fiction, and pseudoscientific theories. They are said to originate from the star-system called Alpha Draconia.
Reptilian humanoids in fiction Reptilian humanoids are a common theme in fiction, whether fantasy or science fiction. They have appeared in various popular treatments, from early pulp short-stories and novellas, to full novels, comic books, television features, films, and the gaming industry.
Reptilianized Lion Reptilianised Lion is a term that reptilian conspiracy theorists use to describe a common archetypal image seen in many cultures throughout the world, which is often used as a symbol of royalty. These creatures, lions with reptilian or draconic features, are particularly prominent on the traditional government and royal buildings of the dynasties of China and Europe.
Reptilicus Reptilicus, is a fictional prehistoric reptile first featured in the Danish giant monster film, Reptilicus, produced by Saga Studios and released on February 25, 1961. It was brought to America in 1962 by American International Pictures.
Repton (1983 computer game) Repton is a Defender-inspired game written by Dan Thomson and Andy Kaluzniacki and published by Sirius Software in 1983. The Commodore 64 computer had many different and popular games, this particular one was rather underappreciated.
Repton (computer game) Repton is a British computer game originally developed by Tim Tyler for the BBC Micro and Acorn Electron and released by Superior Software in the 1980s. The eponymous protagonist, Repton, is a lizard who crawls around in an underground maze in a quest to find all the diamonds (some being held in safes, their release being triggered by finding and collecting a key) within a time limit in each of several levels, while avoiding being trapped or killed by falling rocks and monsters hatched from eggs.
Repubbliche Marinare The Repubbliche Marinare () is the collective name of a number of important city-states which flourished in Italy and Dalmatia in the Middle Ages. Traditionally the major four are taken to be Amalfi, Pisa, Genoa and Venice, whose coats of arms appear in the flag of the Marina Militare (Italian Navy).
Republic A Republic is a form of government maintained by a state or country whose sovereignty is based on popular consent and whose governance is based on popular representation and control. Several definitions stress the importance of the rule of law as part of the requirements for a republic.
Republic (Belarus) Republic (Respublika) is a political party in Belarus which opposes the administration of President Alexander Lukashenko. In legislative elections held between October 13-17, 2004, the party did not secure any seats.
Republic (organisation) Republic was formed in London in 1983 as an interest and pressure group to promote republicanism, to provide a forum and focus for democratic republican opinion and to contribute to ideas about the concept of a British Republic. It was affiliated to the Thomas Paine Society; to the Campaign for the Freedom of Information and to Charter 88.
Republic Advisory Committee The Republic Advisory Committee was a committee established by the then Australian Prime Minister Paul Keating in May 1993 to examine the constitutional and legal issues that would arise were Australia to become a republic. It was asked to consider issues such as
Republic Airways Holdings Republic Airways Holdings is an aviation holding corporation based in Indianapolis, Indiana, which owns three regional airlines operating in the United States: Chautauqua Airlines, Republic Airlines and Shuttle America.
Republic Aviation Company Based in Farmingdale, Long Island, New York, the Republic Aviation Corporation was an American aircraft manufacturer responsible for the design and production of many important aircraft, including the P-47 Thunderbolt, F-84 Thunderjet, and F-105 Thunderchief.
Republic Bank, Trinidad and Tobago Limited Republic Bank is the largest bank in Trinidad and Tobago and one of the largest in the Eastern Caribbean. It has branches in Grenada, Guyana, Barbados, the Dominican Republic and offshore banking operations incorporated in the Cayman Islands.
Republic Day Republic Day is the name of a public holiday in several countries to commemorate the day when they first became republics. Some of these are former Commonwealth realms, in which the British monarch was head of state until the change of status.
Republic Day (India) The Republic Day of India (Gantantra Divas) is a national holiday of India to mark the transition of India from a British Dominion to a republic on January 26, 1950. It is one of the three national holidays in India.
Republic Day Parade The Republic Day Parade is an annual military and cultural parade held in the Indian Capital of New Delhi on 26 January, the Republic Day of India. Republic Day is celebrated with the hoisting of the national flag, and parades by the armed forces and school children all over the country.
Republic New York Republic New York Corporation was the holding company for the Republic National Bank of New York and the Safra Republic Bank. The company was controlled by billionaire Edmond Safra, who was killed in a fire in his Monte Carlo penthouse in 2000.
Republic of Alba (1944) The Republic of Alba was a short-lived state that existed from October 10 to November 2, 1944 in Alba, northern Italy, as a local resistance against Italian fascism during World War II. It was named after the Napoleonic Republic of Alba that existed between 1796 and 1801 in Piedmont.
Republic of Aras The Republic of Aras (Azerbaijani: Araz Respublikası; Armenian: Արաքս Հանրապետություն; also known as the Republic of Araks or the Araxi Republic) was a short-lived and unrecognized state in the South Caucasus, roughly corresponding with the territory that is now the Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan. Named after the Aras River, the republic was declared in December 1918 by Jafar Kuli Khan Nakhichevanski with support from the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic's ruling party, the Musavat Party and the Young Turk government of the Ottoman Empire.
Republic of Central America The Republic of Central America (officially the "Greater Republic of Central America") was an attempt to unite the Central American countries of Honduras, Nicaragua, and El Salvador into a single state, lasting from 1896 to 1898. It followed in the aftermath of the failed Federal Republic of Central America.
Republic of Central Lithuania The Republic of Central Lithuania or Middle Lithuania (, , , ), or simply Central Lithuania (, , ), was a puppet state created in 1920 after the staged rebellion of soldiers of the 1st Lithuanian-Belarusian Infantry Division of the Polish Army, by secret order of Józef Piłsudski. Centered around the historical city of Vilnia, the state was short-lived and did not gain international recognition.
Republic of Connaught The Republic of Connaught was an Irish break away state established with French military support during the Irish Rebellion of 1798 There was little effective government, given the state's brief and troubled existence. Whether it was even recognised by France is unknown.
Republic of Estonia (1990-1991) The Republic of Estonia, short: Estonia (in Estonian: Eesti Vabariik, short: Eesti) was a short-lived country located on the present territory of Estonia, 1990 - 1991. The Republic of Estonia had land borders to the south with Latvian SSR (339 km) and Soviet Union (229 km) to the east.
Republic of Formosa The Republic of Formosa (; lit. "Taiwan Democratic State"; official English name: Formosan Republic, Taiwan Republic) was a republic that existed on the island of Taiwan in 1895, between the removal of Qing forces and the establishment of Japanese control of the island following the Treaty of Shimonoseki.
Republic of Genoa The Republic of Genoa, in full the Most Serene Republic of Genoa (known as the Ligurian Republic from 1798 to 1805) was an independent state in Liguria on the northwestern Italian coast from ca. 1100 to 1805, when it was annexed by Napoleonic France.
Republic of Georgia (1861) The Republic of Georgia was the informal term occasionally used for the The US state of Georgia when it seceded from the United States of America on January 19, 1861. The ordnance said, "We do further Declare and Ordain, that the Union now subsisting between the State of Georgia and other States, under the name of the United States of America, Is Hereby Dissolved, and that the State of Georgia is in full possession and exercise of all those rights of Sovereignty which belong and appertain to a Free and Independent State.
Republic of Gumuljina The Provisional Government of Western Thrace (July 28 - September 16, 1913) was a small, short-lived republic that occupied Western Thrace. All Western Thrace (Area surrounded by: Maritsa (Turkish: Meriç, Greek: Evros) in the east, Mesta River (Nestos) of Macedonia in the west, Rhodope Mountains of Bulgaria in north and the Aegean Sea in the south.
Republic of Hawaii The Republic of Hawaii was the formal name of Hawaii from 1894 to 1898 when it was run as a republic. The republic period occurred between the administration of the Provisional Government of Hawaii which ended on July 4, 1894 and the adoption of the Newlands Resolution in Congress in which the Republic was annexed to the United States and became the Territory of Hawaii on July 7, 1898.
Republic of China and weapons of mass destruction The Republic of China on Taiwan denies having chemical or nuclear weapons. During the 1970s, the ROC had an active program to produce plutonium using heavy water reactors, but after strong pressure from the United States, the reactor was dismantled and the U.
Republic of China at the 1972 Summer Olympics The Republic of China competed at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich for the last time as the "Republic of China". The ROC would not return to the Olympics until 1984 and under the name "Chinese Taipei" due to objections by the People's Republic of China over the political status of Taiwan.
Republic of China at the 1976 Winter Olympics The Republic of China competed at the 1976 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck, Austria. The ROC would not return to the Olympics until 1984 and under the name "Chinese Taipei" due to objections by the People's Republic of China over the political status of Taiwan.
Republic of China diplomatic missions Due to the fierce competition between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China (on Taiwan) for diplomatic recognition, the ROC only maintains a handful of full-fledged diplomatic missions abroad. Notably, the Republic of China is one of the few countries in the world that has resident embassies in all of the countries with which it has diplomatic relations.
Republic of China legislative election, 1998 On this elections, two hundred and twenty-five members of the Fourth Legislative Yuan were elected. The outcome of the 1998 elections is that the Chinese Nationalist Party (the KMT) has made significant gains, holding for instance a comfortable majority in the National Legislature - winning 123 seats of the total 225 seats.
Republic of China legislative election, 2001 The Election for the 5th Legislative Yuan (五屆立法委員選舉) of the Republic of China (ROC) on Taiwan was held on December 1, 2001. All 225 seats of the Legislative Yuan were up for election: 168 elected by popular vote, 41 elected on the basis of the proportion of nationwide votes received by participating political parties, eight elected from overseas Chinese constituencies on the basis of the proportion of nationwide votes received by participating political parties, eight elected by popular vote among the aboriginal populations.
Republic of China legislative election, 2004 The Election for the 6th Legislative Yuan (第六屆立法委員選舉) of the Republic of China on Taiwan was held on December 11, 2004. All 225 seats of the Legislative Yuan were up for election: 168 elected by popular vote, 41 elected on the basis of the proportion of nationwide votes received by participating political parties, eight elected from overseas Chinese constituencies on the basis of the proportion of nationwide votes received by participating political parties, eight elected by popular vote among the aboriginal populations.
Republic of China legislative election, 2007 Legislative elections may be held in December 2007 in the Republic of China (Taiwan). This will elect the first set of legislators to serve a longer 4-year term in the Legislative Yuan], after the recent change in the [[Constitution of the Republic of China, which intended to synchronize the legislative and presidential elections.
Republic of China local elections, 2005 The Election of County Magistrates, County Councilmen, and Township Governors (), commonly known as the "Three-in-One Election" (三合一選舉; sānhéyīxuǎnjǔ), was held in the Republic of China (Taiwan) on December 3, 2005 for mayors of province-administered cities, magistrates of counties, members of county and city councils, and heads of townships, towns and county-administered cities. The elections were held only in the ROC administered provinces of Fuchien and Taiwan and not in the centrally-administered cities of Taipei and Kaohsiung.
Republic of China municipal elections, 2006 The mayoral and city-councillor elections for Taipei and Kaohsiung, the two special municipalities administered directly under the central government, consisted the 2006 Republic of China municipal elections on 2006-12-09.
Republic of China National Assembly election, 2005 An election for the National Assembly took place in the Republic of China on Taiwan on Saturday 2005-05-14, from 07:30 to 16:00 local time. It elected an ad hoc National Assembly whose only function was to serve as a constitutional convention in order to approve or reject amendments to the Constitution of the Republic of China already proposed by the Legislative Yuan.
Republic of China National Identification Card The Republic of China National Identification Card (, ) is issued to all Republic of China citizens that have a household registration in the Free Area of the Republic of China. While the Republic of China Passport allows for entry into Taiwan, the Identification Card is used for virtually all other activities that require identity verification within Taiwan such as opening bank accounts, renting apartments, employment applications and voting.
Republic of China passport The Republic of China passport () is the travel document issued to citizens of the Republic of China. Citizens residing in the current jurisdiction of the ROC (namely Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu) and Overseas Chinese are eligible to receive the ROC passport.
Republic of China presidential election, 1996 The Election for the 9th-term President and Vice-President of the Republic of China (第九任中華民國總統 、副總統選舉), the first ever direct elections for President and Vice President of the Republic of China on Taiwan, occurred on March 23, 1996. The previous eight ROC Presidential and Vice Presidential elections under 1947 Constitution were by the deputies of the National Assembly.
Republic of China presidential election, 2000 The Election for the 10th-term President and Vice-President of the Republic of China (第十任中華民國總統、副總統選舉), the second ever direct elections for President and Vice President of the Republic of China on Taiwan and the 10th under the 1947 Constitution, were held on March 18, 2000. With a voter turnout of 82.
Republic of China presidential election, 2004 Elections for the President and Vice President of the Republic of China (Taiwan) were held on March 20, 2004. President Chen Shui-bian and Vice President Annette Lu of the Democratic Progressive Party were re-elected by a margin of 0.
Republic of China presidential election, 2008 The Election for the 12th-term President and Vice-President of the Republic of China (Chinese: 第十二任中華民國總統副總統選舉) may be held in March 2008 (but as is customary in Taiwanese elections, the date will probably not be determined until late 2007); it may also be held on the same day as the Republic of China legislative election, 2007. The election will be by direct popular vote; a simple plurality is required to win.
Republic of China presidential line of succession The Constitution of the Republic of China gives a short list of persons who will succeed to the presidency if the office of the President of the Republic of China were to become vacant. According to the Constitution, Chapter IV, Article 49:
Republic of China Presidential Building The Presidential Building (Traditional Chinese : 中華民國總統府) formerly, 介壽館 Chieh-shou Building has housed the Office of the President of the Republic of China since 1950. It is located in the Zhongzheng District of Taipei City.
Republic of China referendum, 2004 A nation-wide consultative referendum (全國性公民投票) was held in the Republic of China (Taiwan) on March 20, 2004 to coincide with the 2004 presidential election. Voters were asked two questions regarding relations with the People's Republic of China.
Republic of Choson The Republic of Chosŏn (ROC; Korean: Chosŏn Konghwaguk; Hangul: 조선공화국; Hanja: 朝鮮共和國), is a proposed replacement to the current Democratic People's Republic of Korea in eastern Asia. The ROC would occupy the same area as the DPRK, covering the northern half of the peninsula of Korea.
Republic of Ireland Act The Republic of Ireland Act was an enactment of Oireachtas Éireann passed in 1948, which came into force on April 18, 1949The Republic of Ireland Act, 1948 (Commencement) Order, 1949 and which declared that the official description of Ireland was to be the Republic of Ireland. It officially made Ireland a republic and marked its exit from the Commonwealth.
Republic of Ireland B national football team Republic of Ireland B is a secondary football team run occasionally as support for the Republic of Ireland national football team. At times they have played other nation's full teams; they have also played matches against 'B' teams from other football associations.
Republic of Ireland postal addresses Postal addresses in Ireland are similar to those in the rest of the English-speaking world, but there is no national post code system. However, Dublin is divided into postal districts, under a system which was similar to that used in cities elsewhere in Europe until the introduction of postcode systems in the 1960s and '70s.
Republic of Ireland women's national football team The Republic of Ireland women's national football team, known as "Republic of Ireland Senior Women’s Squad," selects players from both the 350 Women's Football Association of Ireland (WFAI) teams, in 21 affiliate leagues throughout the nation, and the international women's football community. The WFAI was founded in 1973.
Republic of Ireland-United Kingdom border The Republic of Ireland-United Kingdom border, also referred to as The Irish border, or (in Ireland) as The Border, is the international boundary between the north-east part of Ireland, Northern Ireland, which is part of the United Kingdom, and the rest of Ireland, which forms the Republic of Ireland.
Republic of Korea Army The Republic of Korea Army (ROK Army, ROKA, hangul: 대한민국 육군; hanja: 大韓民國 陸軍) is by far the largest of the military branches, with over 560,000 members as of 2004. This comes as a response to both the mountainous terrain native to the Korean Peninsula (70% mountainous) as well as the heavy North Korean presence, with its 1 million strong army, two-thirds of which is permanently garrisoned in the frontline near the DMZ.
Republic of Korea Coast Guard The Republic of Korea Coast Guard (Korean Hangul: 해양경찰청, Hanja: 海洋警察廳, Revised Romanization: Haeyang-gyeongchal-cheong) is responsible for maritime safety and control off the coast of South Korea. The KCG is a branch of the South Korean military.
Republic of Korea Marine Corps The Republic of Korea Marine Corps (aka ROK Marine Corps, ROKMC, Korean Hangul: 대한민국 해병대, Hanja: 大韓民國海兵隊, Revised Romanization: Dae-Han-min-guk Haebyeongdae) is the Marine Corps of the Republic of Korea. It operates as a distinct arm of the military of South Korea, unlike most other "Marine" military organisations, which generally function as part of their respective national navies.
Republic of Kurdistan - (Mahabad) The Republic of Mahabad (Kurdish: Komarî Mehabad, Persian: جمهوری مهاباد ), officially Republic of Kurdistan, established in Iranian Kurdistan, was a short-lived, Soviet backed Kurdish state of the 20th century after the Republic of Ararat in Turkey. Its capital was the Kurdish city of Mahabad in northwestern Iran.
Republic of Letters Republic of Letters is a phrase describing the phenomenon of increased correspondence in the form of letters exchanged between the influential philosophers and other thinkers during the Age of Enlightenment. It is commonly used to denote a notion of an imaginary space where free thinking people could exchange ideas.
Republic of Loose Republic Of Loose are a Dublin-based band led by Mick Pyro. They are influenced by numerous American music genres of the last century, often coming across as being unsure whether they want to be gangbangers or cowboys or gospel singers.
Republic of Macedonia in the Eurovision Song Contest The Republic of Macedonia has participated in the Eurovision Song Contest six times, with the name FYR Macedonia, debuting in 1998 (see ESC1998). The best result the country reached so far was a 12th place in the 2006 final.
Republic of Macedonia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2005 Republic of Macedonia was represented by Martin Vucic and the song "Make My Day". The 2005 FYR Macedonian national final was held on 19 February 2005 in Skopje and featured two artists: Aleksandra Pileva and Martin Vucic.
Republic of Macedonia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2006 The Republic of Macedonia, present in the contest as FYR Macedonia, selected its song for the Eurovision Song Contest 2006 on 4 March, where Elena Risteska triumphed over all the other competitors with the song Ninanajna. The national selection was held at the MKTV studios and the winner was selected by televoting to avoid any possible mistakes and set-ups.
Republic of Macedonia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2007 Republic of Macedonia will select their entry for the Eurovision Song Contest 2007 on 24 February 2007. They will use the festival Skopje Fest 2007, which consists of twelve songs, with an additional three being selected as wild cards by MKRTV.
Republic of Macedonia in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest The Republic of Macedonia has participated at every Junior Eurovision Song Contest since the competition commenced in 2003. In 2006, Macedonia finished 15th and last, which was their worst performance at any Eurovision Song Contest.
Republic of Madawaska The Republic of Madawaska was a small, unrecognized state in the northwest corner of Madawaska County, New Brunswick (also known as the "New Brunswick Panhandle") and adjacent areas of Aroostook County in the American state of Maine and of Quebec. Its name is derived from the Madawaska River which flows into the Saint John River at Edmundston, New Brunswick and Madawaska, Maine.
Republic of Manitoba The Republic of Manitobah was a short-lived, unrecognized state founded in June 1867 by Thomas Spence at the town of Portage la Prairie in what is now the Canadian province of Manitoba. During this time the future province was still part of Rupert's Land, a territory owned by the Hudson's Bay Company.
Republic of Minerva The Republic of Minerva was one of the few modern attempts at creating a sovereign micronation on the reclaimed land of an artificial island. The architect was Las Vegas real estate millionaire and political activist Michael Oliver, who went on to be involved in other similar attempts in the following decade.

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