Encyclopedia

Turkey-United States relations Turkey-United States relations evolved from Turkey's entrance into World War II on the Allied side shortly before the war ended and it becoming a charter member of the United Nations. Difficulties faced by Greece after the war in quelling a communist rebellion, along with demands by the Soviet Union for military bases in the Turkish Straits, prompted the United States to declare the Truman Doctrine in 1947.
Turki Turki, strictly speaking, is an Arabic or Persian adjective formed from the noun Turk, used by European writers in two rather different senses. Firstly, it is applied to tribes or languages which are Turkish as opposed to being Aryan or Semitic.
Turki al-Hamad Turki al-Hamad (, ) (born 1953) is a Saudi-Arabian political analyst, journalist, and novelist, best known for his trilogy about the coming-of-age of Hisham al-Abir, a Saudi Arabian teenager, the first installment of which, Adama, was published in 1998. Although banned in Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, and Kuwait, the Arabic edition of the trilogy — called in Arabic Atyaf al-Aziqah al-Mahjurah (Phantoms of the Deserted Alley) — has sold 20,000 copies.
Turki bin Abd al-Aziz Turki bin Abd al-Aziz (1900-1919) was the eldest son of Abd al-Aziz ibn Abd al-Rahaman al-Saud, Prince of Nejd and future founder of Saudi Arabia; and his wife Wadhba bint Hazzam. He was Crown Prince of Nejd from his father's conquest of Riyadh on January 15, 1902,to his death during the Influenza pandemic of 1919.
Turki bin Faisal al-Saud Turki bin Faisal al-Saud (born February 15, 1945), most commonly referenced as Turki al Faisal is the former President of Saudi Arabia's Al Mukhabarat Al A'amah, the Kingdom's ambassador to the United Kingdom and Ireland, and served as Saudi Arabia's ambassador to the United States from July 2005 until December 11, 2006. He is the youngest son of the late King Faisal, brother of foreign minister, Saud al Faisal, and a nephew of King Abdullah
Turki bin Said, Sultan of Muscat and Oman Sayyid Turki bin Said (1832 - June 4, 1888) (Arabic: تركي بن سعيد) was Sultan of Muscat and Oman from January 30, 1871 to June 4, 1888. He was the fifth son of Said bin Sultan, Sultan of Muscat and Oman.
Turkic languages The Turkic languages constitute a language family of some thirty languages, spoken across a vast area from Eastern Europe to Siberia and Western China. The Turkic languages are traditionally considered to be part of the Altaic language family.
Turkic peoples Turkic peoples are Northern and Central Eurasian peoples who speak languages belonging to the Turkic family, and who, in varying degrees, share certain cultural and historical traits. The term "Turkic" is generally considered to represent a broad linguistic characterization, and not necessarily an ethnic one.
Turkification Turkification is a term used to describe a cultural change in which something or someone who is not a Turk becomes one, voluntarily or by force. It can be used in contexts in connection with Albanians, Arabs, Armenians, Assyrians, Greeks, Jews, Roma, various Slavic peoples (Bosniaks, Bulgarians), Iranian peoples (mainly Kurds), as well as Georgians and various ethnicities of the Black Sea basin and the North Caucasus.
Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum The Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum (Tûrk ve Ìslam Eserleri Müzesi) is located in Sultanahmet Square in the Sultanahmet district of Istanbul. Constructed in 1524, the building was formerly the palace of Ibrahim Pasha, who was the first grand vizier to Suleyman the Magnificent.
Turkish archery Medieval Turkish archery is detailed in Kitab ghunyat at-tullab fi marifat ramy an-mushshab ("A Book of Essential Archery for Beginners") and Kitab fi bayau fadl al-qaws w-al-sahm wa-awsufihima ("A Book on the Excellence of the Bow and Arrow")
Turkish Aeronautical Association Turkish Aeronautical Association (Turkish: TĂĽrk Hava Kurumu - THK) is a non-profit organization with an aim of increasing the public awareness and participation in aviation related activities and the national body governing air sports in Turkey. The association was founded with the name TĂĽrk Tayyare Cemiyeti (Turkish Aeroplane Society) by the directive of Mustafa Kemal AtatĂĽrk on February 16, 1925.
Turkish Aerospace Industries Turkish Aerospace Industries TUSAĹž Aerospace Industries, Inc. (TAI), the center of technology in design, development, manufacturing, integration of aerospace systems, modernization and after sales support in Turkey, was established under the Turkish Commercial Code and Foreign Investment Encouragement Law on 15 May 1984.
Turkish Air Force Turkish Air Force (Turkish: TĂĽrk Hava Kuvvetleri) is a branch of the Turkish Armed Forces. Turkish Air Force is one of the oldest air forces in the world and operates one of the largest combat aircraft fleets of NATO.
Turkish Airlines Turkish Airlines (Turkish Türk Hava Yolları) (THY) is the national airline of Turkey based in Istanbul. It operates a network of scheduled services to 103 international and 28 domestic cities, serving a total of 134 airports, in Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia, the Far East, Africa, and the United States.
Turkish Armed Forces Turkish Armed Forces (Turkish: Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri (TSK)) consists of the Army, the Navy (includes Naval Air and Naval Infantry) and the Air Force. The Gendarmerie and the Coast Guard operate as parts of the internal security forces in peacetime and are subordinate to the Army and Navy Commands respectively.
Turkish Armed Forces Medal of Distinguished Courage and Self-Sacrifice Turkish Armed Forces Medal of Distinguished Courage and Self-Sacrifice (Turkish: Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri Üstün Cesaret ve Feragat Madalyası) is one of the highest medals that can be bestowed upon an individual by the Turkish Armed Forces (TAF) and was first created on July 3, 1975.
Turkish Armed Forces Medal of Honor Turkish Armed Forces Medal of Honor (Turkish: Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri Şeref Madalyası) is the highest medal that can be bestowed upon an individual by the Turkish Armed Forces (TAF) and was first created on July 27, 1967.
Turkish beer Though the first Turkish beer is believed to have been brewed at about 2000 BC, beer drinking is not as popular in Turkey as Turkey is a Muslim nation, where drinking alcohol is forbidden under Sharia. Still, the Turkish beer market has experienced 20% growth from 2001 to 2005 with many international brands gaining popularity.
Turkish crescent A Turkish crescent, (also Turkish jingle, Chinese pavilion, jingling johnny, Schellenbaum, chapeau chinois) is a percussion instrument consisting of a long pole with numerous bells connected to one end, using crescent shaped crosspieces. It may have an antecedent in the staff of a Central Asian shaman.
Turkish cricket team The Turkish Cricket Team is a fledgling team which represents the nation of Turkey in International Cricket competitions. They are not officially endorsed by the International Cricket Council and are therefore not entitled to participate in ICC Official events, however they do have an application to the European Cricket Council pending, which should see them granted Affiliate Status in the near future.
Turkish cuisine Turkish cuisine inherited its Ottoman heritage which could be described as a fusion and refinement of Turkic, Arabic, Persian and Greek cuisinesNur Ilkin - A Taste of Turkish cuisine. Ottomans fused various culinary traditions of their realm, with influences from Middle Eastern cuisines, along with traditional Turkic elements from Central Asia such as Yogurt.
Turkish Coast Guard The Turkish Coast Guard (Ottoman Turkish: Rusumet Emaneti Teskilati, Turkish: Sahil Güvenlik Komutanlığı) is a branch of the Turkish Armed Forces and was established in 1859. Affiliated with the Guarding Administration (Ottoman Turkish: Muhafaza Memurlugu), the Coast Guard was responsible in controlling the coasts and fighting smuggling.
Turkish Constitution of 1921 Turkish Constitution of 1921 (Ottoman Turkish: Teşkilât-ı Esasiye Kanunu; Turkish: 1921 Türk Anayasası) was the first Constitution to be ratified by the Grand National Assembly of Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi (TBMM)). It was ratified on January 20, 1921 and remained in force until the ratification of the Constitution of 1924 on April 20, 1924.
Turkish Constitution of 1924 Turkish Constitution of 1924 (Ottoman Turkish: Teşkilât-ı Esasiye Kanunu; Turkish: 1924 Türk Anayasası) was the second constitution to be ratified by the Grand National Assembly of Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi (TBMM)) and the first one to be adopted after the proclamation of the Republic on October 29, 1923. It was ratified on April 20, 1924 and remained in force until the adoption of the Constitution of 1961 on July 20, 1961.
Turkish Courts-Martial of 1919-20 Turkish Courts-Martial of 1919-1920 were court martials of the Ottoman Empire after the armistice of Mudros during the aftermath the World War One, which the leadership of the Committee of Union and Progress and selected former officials had court-martial with/including the charges of subversion of the constitution, wartime profiteering, and the massacres of both Greeks and ArmeniansTaner Akçam, Armenien und der Völkermord: Die Istanbuler Prozesse und die türkische Nationalbewegung (Hamburg: Hamburger Edition, 1996), p. 185..
Turkish Croatia Turkish Croatia was the name used between the 16th and 19th centuries for the northwest territory of Bosnia, today known as Bosanska Krajina (Bosnian Frontier). In the European literature of the 18th and 19th century, the name Turkish Croatia was used to refer to the territories enclosed by the Sava, Una, and Vrbas rivers.
Turkish Cypriot diaspora Since the founding of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus was unilaterally proclaimed in 1983, the internationally recognized government of the Greek Cypriot-controlled Republic of Cyprus has led an economic, political, cultural, and sporting embargo on the TRNC, followed by the entire international community, with the exception of Turkey (though recently, some parts of the embargo have been softened). The reason of the embargo was that the TRNC was an illegal state according to international community, as a result of the Turkish Invasion of Cyprus.
Turkish diaspora The term Turkish diaspora refers to the Turkish people living outside of Turkey. Note that this differs from the Turkic peoples living mostly in Northern and Central Asia, who are distinct ethnic groups, speaking languages belonging to the Turkic language family.
Turkish dotted and dotless I The Turkish alphabet, which is a variant of the Latin alphabet, includes two distinct versions of the letter I, one dotted and the other dotless. Dotted and dotless "i" are used in the Turkish, Azerbaijani, Crimean Tatar and Tatar languages.
Turkish Delight Turkish Delight, or lokum (also loukoum; in Greek λουκούμι), is a confection made from starch and sugar. It is often flavored with rosewater or lemon, the former giving it a characteristic pale pink color.
Turkish Delight (film) Turkish Delight (Dutch: Turks fruit) is a 1973 Dutch film directed by Paul Verhoeven and filmed by Jan de Bont. The film is a love story of an artist and a young woman, starring Rutger Hauer and Monique van de Ven.
Turkish Delight (song) In this track of The Roar of Love album we see Edmund's point of view of his encounter with the Witch. We can see by his words how he's got hypnotized by the Witch as he tries to justify his lies and future betrayal and gives a lot of praise to her, although in the last part we see there's still some rationality left in his mind.
Turkish folk literature Turkish folk literature is an oral tradition deeply rooted, in its form, in Central Asian nomadic traditions. However, in its themes, Turkish folk literature reflects the problems peculiar to a settling (or settled) people who have abandoned the nomadic lifestyle.
Turkish folk music Turkish folk music (TĂĽrk Halk MĂĽziÄźi) has combined the distinct cultural values of all those civilisations which have lived in Anatolia and the Ottoman territories in Europe and Asia. It is a unique structure which includes regional differences under one umbrella, giving rise to a wealth and variety the like of which can seldom be seen anywhere else in the world.
Turkish folklore The tradition of folklore—folktales, jokes, legends, and the like—in the Turkish language is very rich. Perhaps the most popular figure in the tradition is Nasreddin (known as Nasreddin Hoca, or "teacher Nasreddin", in Turkish), who is the central character of thousands of jokes.
Turkish gardens The term Turkish gardens can be used to mean either 'gardens made in Turkey', which includes Byzantine gardens or 'gardens made under the influence of Turkish culture'. As a nomadic people, originating in East Asia, the Turks did not have a native tradition of making gardens.
Turkish general election, 1995 Turkey's 13th general election was held on Sunday 24 December 1995, triggered after the newly-reformed Republican People's Party (CHP) withdrew from a coalition with the True Path Party (DYP). The coalition had been in government for four years, having been formed by the Social Democratic People's Party, the CHP's predecessor.
Turkish general election, 1999 Turkey's 14th general election was held on Sunday 18 April 1999, and was the first election in Turkish history to combine local, council and parliamentary elections on the same day. BĂĽlent Ecevit's Democratic Left Party (DSP), soaring in popularity after the capture of PKK leader Abdullah Ă–calan, emerged as the biggest party and swept the board in most of Turkey's western provinces.
Turkish general election, 2002 Turkey's 15th general election was held on November 3, 2002 following the collapse of the DSP-MHP-ANAP coalition led by BĂĽlent Ecevit. It was won by the Justice and Development Party (AKP), headed by the current Prime Minister, Recep Tayyip ErdoÄźan, with a crushing majority in spite of their winning just 34.
Turkish Gendarmerie The Turkish Gendarmerie (Turkish: Jandarma Genel Komutanlığı) is a branch of the Turkish Armed Forces and it is responsible for the maintenance of the public order in areas that fall outside the jurisdiction of police forces (generally in rural areas), as well as assuring internal security and general border control along with carrying out other specific duties assigned to it by certain laws and regulations. It is an armed security and law enforcement force of military nature.
Turkish General Staff The armed forces of the Republic of Turkey, having great geopolitical and geostrategic importance, comprise the Army, Navy and Air force that are subordinate to the General Staff. The General Command of Gendarmerie and the Coast Guard Command, which operate as the parts of internal security forces in peacetime, are subordinate to the Army and Navy Commands, respectively, in wartime, has both so law enforcement and military functions.
Turkish Grand Prix The Turkish Grand Prix is a Formula One motor race that debuted on August 21, 2005 as part of the 2005 Formula One season. It is held at the newly built Istanbul Park Circuit, constructed by famous German civil engineer Hermann Tilke.
Turkish hip hop Turkish hip hop started in Germany with groups such as Islamic Force and Cartel. One of the most succesful Turkish rappers has been Ceza Who has also collabrated with other famous people like Sezen Aksu and Tech N9ne .
Turkish Hazel The Turkish Hazel (Corylus colurna) is a tree native to southeast Europe and southwest Asia, from the Balkans through northern Turkey to northern Iran. It is the largest species of hazel, reaching 35 m tall, with a stout trunk up to 1.
Turkish Hezbollah Turkish Hezbollah is a Kurdish Islamic (Sunni) extremist organization that arose in the late 1980s in response to alleged Kurdistan Workers Party atrocities against Muslims in southeastern Turkey, where many have proposed that the group seeks to establish an independent Islamic state of Kurdistan In the 1990s, the Turkish army worked with the Hezbollah and other groups as admitted by Turkish politicians, to serve their interests. The result of these cooperations is supposed to have caused over 3,000 unsolved political murders.
Turkish Historical Society The Turkish Historical Society (Turkish: TĂĽrk Tarih Kurumu - TTK) is a research society studying the history of Turkey and the Turkish people, founded in 1931 by the initiative of Mustafa Kemal AtatĂĽrk, with headquarters in Ankara, Turkey.
Turkish Human Rights: A Non-Turkish Perspective The Republic of Turkey has a long history of oppressing left leaning Turks,Christian minorities and the Kurds.Amnesty International , Human Rights Watch and numerous other organizations have harshly criticized the Turkish government for it's brutal human rights record turkey.
Turkish invasion of Cyprus The Turkish invasion of Cyprus, (also known as the 1974 Cyprus War; referred to as the 1974 Cyprus Peace Operation by Turkey) was a consequence of tensions between the governments of Greece and Turkey, and of internal unrest within Greece. It took place during the final months of the Greek military junta of 1967-1974, at which time Greek Army officers stationed in Cyprus launched a coup d'Ă©tat against the President of Cyprus, Makarios III.
Turkish Institute for Police Studies The Turkish Institute for Police Studies (TIPS) has been functionally housed at the University of North Texas for over five years. The aim of TIPS is to combine the practical experience of the Turkish National Police in policing areas (especially terrorism, organized crime, narcotics, administration, intelligence, and investigation) with the academic and theoretical foundation represented by masters and doctoral education in the United State universities.
Turkish Kurdistan Turkish Kurdistan (Turkish: Türkiye Kürdistanı or Kuzey Kürdistan ("Northern Kurdistan") or Kuzeybatı Kürdistan ("Northwestern Kurdistan"), Kurdish]: Kurdistana Tirkiyê or Bakurê Kurdistanê [http://www.nefel.
Turkish literature Turkish literature (Turkish: Türk edebiyatı or Türk yazını) is the collection of written and oral texts composed in the Turkish language, either in its Ottoman form or in less exclusively literary forms, such as that spoken in the Republic of Turkey today. The Ottoman Turkish language, which forms the basis of much of the written corpus, was heavily influenced by Persian and Arabic and used a variant of the Perso-Arabic script.
Turkish Language Association The Turkish Language Association (Turkish: TĂĽrk Dil Kurumu - TDK) is the official regulatory body of the Turkish language, founded on July 12, 1932 and headquartered in Ankara, Turkey. The association acts as the official authority on the language (without any enforcement power), contributes to linguistic research on Turkish and other Turkic languages, and is charged with publishing the official dictionary of the language.
Turkish music (style) "Turkish music", in the sense described here, is not really music of Turkey, but rather a musical style that was occasionally used by the European composers of the Classical music era. This music was modeled--though often only distantly--on the music of Turkish military bands, specifically the Janissary bands.
Turkish musical instruments Turkish musical instruments can be broadly classified into five categories, namely Ottoman classical, Western influenced modern, Ottoman Harem Music, Folk music and Roman. Most of Turkish musical instruments spread in the former Ottoman Empires states all over the Middle East ,Caucasus, Central Asia and Southern Asia.
Turkish Medal of Independence Turkish Medal of Independence (Turkish: İstiklal Madalyası) was a special medal issued in Turkey in limited number by a 1924 law. It was given to those who had made important contributions to the country during the Turkish War of Independence.
Turkish Military Forces in Northern Cyprus The Turkish military retains a large armed force in the north of the island of Cyprus, located in the Eastern Mediterranean. The region of land that the military force occupies refers to itself as the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus", and this is recognised only by Turkey.
Turkish nationality law Turkish nationality law, like that of many European countries, is based primarily on the principle of Jus sanguinis. Children who are born to a Turkish citizen mother and a Turkish citizen father in or outside of Turkey are Turkish citizens effective from birth.
Turkish National Movement The Turkish National Movement encompasses the political and military activities of the Turkish revolutionaries (in Turkish Kuvayi Milliye or Kuvai Milliye) which resulted with the creation and shaping of the Republic of Turkey, a consequence of the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire in the aftermath of World War I. The Turkish people would gradually unite around the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Pasha and the authority of the Turkish Grand National Assembly set up in Ankara, which pursued the Turkish War of Independence.
Turkish pop music Turkish pop music had its humble beginnings in the late 1950s with Turkish cover versions of a wide range of imported popular styles, including rock and roll, tango, and jazz. This wide collection of songs were labelled as "Hafif-batı" (light western) music and included a wide range of artists, such as Frank Sinatra to Doris Day, Nat King Cole to the Everly Brothers, from Elvis Presley to Paul Anka.
Turkish presidential election, 2000 The 2000 Turkish presidential election consisted of a first round election on 27 April, 2000 followed by a second round vote on 01 May and a third on 05 May. It occurred at the end of 9th president SĂĽleyman Demirel's seven-year term in office.
Turkish People's Liberation Party-Front/Revolutionary Coordination Unity People's Liberation Party-Front of Turkey/Revolutionary Coordination Unity (in Turkish: TĂĽrkiye Halk KurtuluĹź Partisi-Cephesi/Devrimci Koordinasyon BirliÄźi) was a short-lived revolutionary Marxist-Leninist organization in Turkey. THKP-C/DKB was formed in the end of 1979, following a split from the People's Liberation Party-Front of Turkey/Revolutionary Action.
Turkish Pepper Turkish Pepper, Tyrkisk Peber or Turkinpippuri is a strong liquorice candy flavored with ammonium chloride (salmiakki) and pepper, made by the Finnish company Fazer and popular in the country. Turkish Pepper was originally made by the Danish company Perelly, which was taken over by Fazer.
Turkish Pine The Turkish Pine (Pinus brutia) is a pine native to the eastern Mediterranean region. The bulk of its range is in Turkey, but it also extends to the East Aegean Islands of Greece, the Crimea, Georgia, Azerbaijan, northern Iraq, western Syria, Lebanon, and Cyprus.
Turkish revolutionaries Turkish revolutionaries (in Turkish Kuvayi Milliye or Kuvai Milliye) were nationalists of Turkish national movement who rebelled against the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire by the allies aftermath of the Armistice of Mudros during World War I. After establishing establishment of the Turkish national movement and the successful independence war, they established the independent state that became the Republic of Turkey.
Turkish Radio and Television Corporation TRT, the Turkish Radio and Television Corporation (TĂĽrkiye Radyo ve Televizyon Kurumu), was founded in 1964, it is the national public broadcaster of Turkey. Around 70% of TRT's funding comes from a tax levied on electricity bills and a sales tax on television and radio receivers.
Turkish Red Crescent Kızılay or the Turkish Red Crescent (full name in Turkish: Türkiye Kızılay Derneği) is the largest humanitarian organization in Turkey and is part of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement.
Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC) () (KKTC) is a self-proclaimed state in northern Cyprus recognised only by Turkey. The United Nations recognises the sovereignty of the Republic of Cyprus over the whole island; however, the government of the Republic of Cyprus has no effective control over the territory claimed by the TRNC.
Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus parliamentary election, 2005 Early parliamentary elections were held in the internationally unrecognised Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus on February 20, 2005, after the coalition government led by Mehmet Ali Talat lost its majority in the House of Representatives. The assembly has 50 members, elected for a five year term by mitigated proportional representation.
Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus presidential election, 2005 Presidential elections were held in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus on Sunday April 17, 2005. It followed parliamentary elections in the internationally unrecognised country on February 20, which had been won by the pro-unificiation Republican Turkish Party (CTP).
Turkish Resistance Organization The Turkish Resistance Organization (Turkish: Türk Mukavemet Teşkilatı – TMT) was a Turkish Cypriot pro-taksim paramilitary organisation formed by Rauf Denktaş and Turkish military officer Rıza Vuruşkan in 1958 to counter the Greek Cypriot Fighter's Organization EOKA and to bring partition in Cyprus. In response to the growing demand for Enosis (union of Cyprus with Greece), a number of Turkish Cypriots became convinced that this was the only way to protect the interests and identity of the Turkish Cypriot population against a militant Greek Cypriot threat.
Turkish Riviera The Turkish Riviera (also known as "The Turquoise Coast") is a popular term used to define the area between two geographical regions of Turkey, thanks to its archeological and natural riches; The Turkish Riviera includes Antalya province to the east and MuÄźla province to the west.
Turkish Second League A Category Turkish Second League Category A is the second level of the Turkish Football League, which resulted from the splitting of the Turkish Second League in 2001. It was constituted from 20 teams in 2001-2002 season.
Turkish Sign Language Turkish Sign Language (Turkish: TĂĽrk Ä°Ĺźaret Dili, TÄ°D) is the language used by the deaf community in Turkey. As with other sign languages, TÄ°D has a unique grammar that is different from the spoken languages used in the region.
Turkish State Cemetery Turkish State Cemetery (Turkish: Devlet Mezarlığı] is a national and military cemetery in Ankara, Turkey, containing the graves of the presidents of Turkey and the high-ranked, close companions-in-arms of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the founder of the Republic of Turkey, in the Turkish War of Independence.
Turkish State Meteorological Service Turkish State Meteorological Service (Turkish: Devlet Meteoroloji İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü) is the Turkish government bureau commissioned with producing the meteorological and climactic data pertaining to Turkey. It is responsible to the Turkish Ministry of Environment and Forestry.
Turkish Statistical Institute Turkish Statistical Institute (Turkish: Devlet Istatistik Enstitusu) is the Turkish government bureau commissioned with producing statistics to help better understand Turkey, its population, resources, economy, society, and culture. The bureau is commonly called TurkStat.
Turkish Super Cup The Turkish Super Cup is an annual football game between the Turkish Premier Super League champion and the Turkish Cup champion. The first edition was played in Frankfurt, Germany at July 30, 2006 between Galatasaray and BeĹźiktaĹź J.
Turkish Thrace Turkish Thrace, or Eastern Thrace, is the part of the modern republic of Turkey that is geographically part of Europe, all in the eastern part of the historical region of Thrace, while most of the surface and population is in Anatolia, formerly known as Asia Minor. It is also called northwestern Turkey and European Turkey.
Turkish vocabulary This article is a companion to Turkish grammar and contains some information that might be considered grammatical. The purpose of this article is mainly to show the use of some of the yapım ekleri "structural suffixes" of the Turkish language, as well as to give some of the structurally important words, like pronouns, determiners, postpositions, and conjunctions
Turkish Van The Turkish Van is a breed of cat that is supposedly derived from a type of cat that is still to be found in the Lake Van region of present-day Turkey. For Turkish Vans, the word van refers to their color pattern, where the color is restricted to the head and the tail, and the rest of the cat is white.
Turkish War of Independence The Turkish War of Independence (Turkish: Kurtuluş Savaşı), sometimes called the "rebirth of a nation", was part of the political and military events that began with the establishment of the national movement and continued with revolts, the Turkish-Armenian war, the Greco-Turkish war, the Franco-Turkish war, the declaration of the Republic of Turkey, and Turkey's international recognition as a new nation through the Treaty of Lausanne. On the political front, it instituted relationships and ideas among the Turkish revolutionaries that led to the replacement of the millet system and Ottomanism of the Ottoman Empire with Kemalism, and later with Atatürk's reforms, in the process defining a new (modern) Turkish nation.
Turkish Women's Basketball League The Turkish Women’s Basketball League (Turkish: "Türkiye 1. Bayanlar Basketbol Ligi", TBBL) is the top women’s professional basketball league in Turkey organized by the Turkish Basketball Federation.
Turkmanchai Treaty The Turkmanchai treaty (also written Turkemanchay, Turkamanchay, and Turkmanchay) is a treaty by which the Persian Empire, more commonly known today as Iran, divided the territory of Azerbaijan with Imperial Russia after its defeat in 1828 at the end of the Russo-Persian War, 1826-1828.
Turkmen alphabet The current official Turkmen alphabet as used in Turkmenistan is a modified Latin alphabet based on the Turkish alphabet, but with notable differences: J is used instead of the Turkish C; Ž is used instead of the Turkish J; Y is used instead of the dotless i (I/ı); Ý is used instead of the Turkish consonantal Y; and the letters Ä and Ň have been added to represent the phonetic values [æ] and [ŋ], respectively. At the start of the 20th century, when Turkmen first started to be written, it used the Arabic script, but in 1928 the Latin alphabet was adopted.
Turkmen people The Turkmen (Türkmen or Түркмен, plural Türkmenler or Түркменлер) are a Turkic people found primarily in the Central Asian states of Turkmenistan and Afghanistan and in northeastern Iran. They speak the Turkmen language which is classified as part of the Western Oghuz branch of Turkic languages family together with Turkish, Azerbaijani, and Turkoman spoken in Iraq.
Turkmen presidential election, 2007 After the death of the Turkmen President for Life Saparmurat Niyazov on 21 December 2006, Acting President Gurbanguly Berdimuhammedow stated that the date for the next presidential election would be announced on 26 December 2006; he also claimed that these elections would be held "on a democratic basis that has been laid by the great leader". On December 26, 2006 the People's Council announced that the election will occur on February 11, 2007.
Turkmen Sahra Turkmen Sahra (Turkish: Türkmen Sehra, Turkmen (South): ترکمن صحرا) is a region in the northwest of Iran near the Caspian Sea, bordering the Republic of Turkmenistan, the majority of whose inhabitants are Turkmen.
Turkmen SSR The Turkmen SSR (Turkmen: TĂĽrkmienistan Soviet Socialistik Riespublikasy) was a constituent republic of the Soviet Union until 1991 when it declared independence as Turkmenistan. It was initially established on August 7 1921 as Turkmen Oblast of the Turkestan ASSR.
Turkmenistan at the 1996 Summer Olympics Turkmenistan competed in the Olympic Games as an independent nation for the first time at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, United States. Previously, the nation was part of the Unified Team at the 1992 Summer Olympics.
Turkmenization Turkmenization is the process in effect from 1991 to December 2006 by which the Niyazov administration allegedly forced ethnic minorities to adopt Turkmen culture through a series of domestic policies or face expulsion.Central Asia: 'Fathers are crying in Turkmenistan, and children are crying here' EurasiaNet
Turko-Persian Tradition The Turko-Persian Islamic culture is distinctive culture that flourished for hundreds of years, and then faded under imposed modern European influences. Turko-Persian Islamicate culture is an ecumenical mix of Arabic, Persian, and Turkic elements blended in the ninth and tenth centuries, and eventually became a predominant culture of the ruling and elite classes of West, Central and South AsiaRobert Canfield Turko-Persia in historical perspective, Cambridge University Press, 1991.
Turks and Caicos at the 2006 Commonwealth Games Turks & Caicos is represented at the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne by a xx-member strong contingent comprising 6 sportspersons and xx officials. Twice as many athletes represented the Turks and Caicos Islands than in Manchester in 2002.
Turks and Caicos Islands cricket team The Turks and Caicos Islands cricket team is the team that represents the British overseas territory of the Turks and Caicos Islands in international cricket matches. They became an affiliate member of the International Cricket Council in 2002.
Turks in Australia Turkish people in Australia are either Turkish people who live in Australia even though having been born outside Australia, or are Australian-born, but have Turkish roots (Turkish-Australian). By Turkish roots, this could mean roots linking back to Turkey, the island of Cyprus or the communities of the Turkish diaspora..
Turks in Bulgaria The Turks in Bulgaria have lived there since the end of the 14th century, after the Ottoman Empire began to establish its existence on the Rumelian lands. Then in the 16th century, social changes in Anatolia led large groups of ethnic Turks to settle in Bulgaria and elsewhere in the Balkans.
Turks in Germany German Turks (also commonly Turkish Germans) are Germans of Turkish descent with varying identity as part of a wider German society and who maintain a connection to the Turkish sociology, through cultural and historical affiliation.
Turks in the United Kingdom Turks in the United Kingdom are either Turkish people who live in the United Kingdom even though having been born outside the UK, or are British-born, but have Turkish roots. By Turkish roots, this could mean roots linking back to Turkey, the island of Cyprus or the communities of the Turkish diaspora.
Turks in the United States Turks in the United States are either Turkish people, or other Turkic peoples, who live in the United States even though having been born outside the US, or are United States-born, but have Turkish or other Turkic roots. By Turkish or other Turkic roots, this could mean roots linking back to Turkey, Cyprus (both South and North) or the communities of the Turkish diaspora or other Turkic diasporas.
Turks of the Dodecanese Turks of the Dodecanese is a 5,000-strong community of ethnic Turks inhabiting the Dodecanese islands of Rhodes and Kos (İstanköy in Turkish) who had not been affected by the 1923 Exchange of populations between Greece and Turkey since the islands were under Italian rule at the time (since 1912) and who became Greek citizens after 1947 when the islands became part of Greece.

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