Encyclopedia

Underbrush Underbrush: subter ramale (commonly referred to as the understory), is any small shrubbery found underneath or near a tree or forest. Though underbrush is commonly thought of as simply the shrubbery in deciduous forests, it can also include shrubbery in place such as the Savanna of Africa.
Undercapitalization Undercapitalization refers to any situation where a business owner cannot acquire the funds they need. Usually, this refers to a business that cannot afford current operational expenses due to a lack of capital, which can trigger bankruptcy.
Undercard The undercard or preliminary matches refers to any bouts that occur before the headline or 'Main Event' of a particular boxing, wrestling, or other bout-style sporting match. Typically the undercard is intended to provide fans with an opportunity to see up-and-coming fighters or fighters who are lesser known and less popular than their counterparts in the main event.
Undercliffe, New South Wales Undercliffe is a suburb in south-western Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Undercliffe is located 10km south-west of the Sydney central business district in the local government area of the City of Canterbury.
Underclocking Underclocking is the practice of modifying a microprocessor's speed settings to run at a lower clock speed than the manufacturer's specification. The purpose is generally to decrease heat dissipation or decrease electricity consumption.
Undercover Being undercover is disguising one's own identity or using an assumed identity for the purposes of gaining the trust of an individual or organization to learn secret information or to gain the trust of targeted individuals in order to gain information or evidence.
Undercover Angels Undercover Angels was a 2002 Australian television series produced by the Seven Network which imitated the American Charlie's Angels series. It featured multiple Olympic and World champion swimmer Ian Thorpe, who acted as the mentor to three glamourous young women (Jackie O, Katie Underwood and Simone Kessel) who performed good deeds for people in need.
Undercover Customs Undercover Customs was a television series produced by ITV which consisted of dramatic reconstructions of some of the largest real-life smuggling incidents based on the official records of HM Customs and Excise in the UK.
Undercover marketing Undercover marketing (also known as buzz marketing, stealth marketing, or by its detractors roach baiting) is a subset of guerrilla marketing where consumers do not realize they are being marketed to. For example, a marketing company might pay an actor or socially adept person to use a certain product visibly and convincingly in locations where target consumers congregate.
Undercover Mosque Undercover Mosque is a documentary from British Television Channel 4 programme Dispatches which aired on 15 January 2007 in the UK. The film caused a furore in Britain and the world press due to the content of the released footage.
Undercover Slut Undercover Slut are an Industrial rock band from Paris, France formed in October of 1995. Although the group are most often referred to as Industrial, they have been known to mix elements of different music styles into their music, such as; Punk rock, Glam rock and Deathrock.
Undercover Teacher Alex Dolan is a science teacher who went undercover in British schools as a supply teacher for the filming of a Channel 4 programme, Undercover Teacher, exposing the poor behaviour in some areas of the education system.
Undercroft An undercroft is a cellar or underground room, often brick-lined and vaulted, and used for storage in buildings since medieval times. While some were used as simple storerooms, others were rented out as shops.
Undercurrent: The Canadian Undergraduate Journal of Development Studies Undercurrent: The Canadian Journal of Undergraduate Studies is an academic journal devoted to the publication of excellent undergraduate scholarship. Undercurrent is the only student-run Canadian national undergraduate journal publishing scholarly essays and articles that explore the subject of international development.
Undercurrents (magazine) Undercurrents magazine was started as a medium for radical views on scientific and technological subjects; it was published in England between 1973 and 1984: 63 editions altogether. For much of that period it appeared every two months and the circulation peaked at 7,000 in the late 1970s.
Undercurrents (news) Undercurrents is an alternative video news network which began with the UK distribution of videotapes shot by volunteers. It has since expanded to include a web presence, media training for volunteers, and a film festival, BeyondTV.
Undercut The undercut is a haircut much like a bowl cut except the ridge of the bowl is not where the cutting ends. The ridge of the bowl is lifted so the hair is clipper cut further up the side of the head an additional one to two inches.
Underdark The Underdark is a literal underworld to the surface world for the Dungeons & Dragons roleplaying games. It is a vast subterranean network of interconnected caverns and tunnels stretching beneath entire continents.
Underdetermination Underdetermination is a term used in the discussion of theories and their relation to the evidence that is cited to support them. Arguments from underdetermination are used to support epistemic relativism by claiming that there is no good way to certify a theory based on any set of evidence.
Underdog (film) Underdog is a film slated for release on August 3, 2007 based around the cartoon character of the same name, though bearing absolutely no resemblance beyond name. It is produced by Spyglass Entertainment and Classic Media and will be distributed theatrically in the United States by Walt Disney Pictures.
Underdog (series) Underdog was an American animated television series that debuted on October 3, 1964, on the NBC network and continued in syndication until 1973 for a run of approximately 120 episodes over NBC, and occasionally, CBS.
Underdog (song) "Underdog" is a song from Rock Star Supernova's debut album. It is track 6 on the album, and though it was never performed on the television series Rock Star: Supernova, many fans may recognise the song the be the music the final 15 rockers were challenged to pen lyrics for in the very first reality episode.
Underdrawing Underdrawing is the drawing done on a painting ground before paint is applied, for example, an imprimatura or an underpainting. Underdrawing was used extensively by 15th century painters like Jan van Eyck and Rogier van der Weyden.
Underdrive pulleys An Underdrive pulley refers to an aftermarket crankshaft or accessory pulley (such as an alternator pulley) that is designed to drive a vehicle's accessories at a slower rate than stock. Originally they were invented for race cars in the 1950s and 60s, whose engines had been modified and ran at higher RPMs for longer periods of time than the manufacturers had intended.
Underemployment In economics, the term underemployment has at least three different distinct meanings and applications. All three of them involve underutilization of labor that critics say is missed by most official (governmental agency) definitions and measurements of "unemployment.
Underemployment equilibrium In Keynesian economics, underemployment equilibrium refers to a situation with a persistent shortfall relative to full employment and potential output so that unemployment is higher than at the NAIRU or the "natural" rate of unemployment. This situation is not seen as solvable via laissez-faire polices of "letting nature take its course" (price adjustment).
Underfloor heating Underfloor heating is a unique traditional form of central heating gaining newfound popularity. It primarily utilizes radiant heat for indoor climate control, whereas other forms of indoor heating (for example, from a radiator, blower or fireplace) rely mostly on convection.
Undergarment Undergarments, also called "underwear", "lingerie" (undergarments for women), or sometimes "intimate clothing" and "pants" in British English, are clothes worn next to the skin, usually under other clothes.
Underglaze Underglaze is a method of decorating ceramic articles, where the decoration is applied to before it has been glazed. Because the glaze will subsequently cover it such decoration is completely durable, but because the subsequent glost firing is at a high temperature than used in on-glaze decoration the range of available colours is more limited.
Undergraduate Ambassadors Scheme The British Undergraduate Ambassadors Scheme (UAS) provides the framework for a degree course module awarding academic credit to science, technology, engineering and mathematics undergraduates working with teachers in local schools.
Undergraduate Council of Students The Undergraduate Council of Students is the student government at Brown University, one of the Ivy League universities in the United States. It was originally known as the Cammarian Club, so-called because its members were fond of dining on lobster in monthly dinner meetings.
Undergraduate degree An undergraduate degree (sometimes called a first degree or simply a degree) is the most common and primary academic degree available and is normally studied at a higher education institution, such as a university.
Undergraduate Finance Board The Undergraduate Finance Board (UFB) was created in 1984 to control all student fees at Brown University. UFB's operating budget comes from the student activities fee, paid annually by Brown students and their parents, and also from unspent money returned to the board by Brown student groups.
Undergraduate Medicine & Health Sciences Admission Test The Undergraduate Medicine & Health Sciences Admission Test is an exam which all final year school students around the world are required to fulfil if they desire to hold an undergraduate medicine position in an Australian or New Zealand university.
Undergraduate Medicine and Health Sciences Admission Test The Undergraduate Medicine and Health Sciences Admission Test (UMAT) is a test administered by the Australian Council of Education Research (ACER) in Australia and New Zealand to assist in the selection of students into certain health science courses including most medical (MBBS or MBChB) and Dentistry (BDSc or BDS) courses. The UMAT is used for selection into undergraduate courses only; applicants for graduate courses must sit the GAMSAT.
Undergraduate Projects Lab The Undergraduate Projects Laboratory (UPL) is a computer laboratory in the Department of Computer Sciences at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. It is an environment for undergraduate students who wish to enhance their knowledge of computers through independent projects unrelated to coursework.
Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program UROP is an acronym for Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program. It provides funding and/or credit to undergraduate students who volunteer for faculty-mentored research projects pertaining to all academic disciplines at universities such as Boston University, the University of California, Irvine, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the University of Michigan, the University of Minnesota, and the University of Oregon.
Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics (GTM) is a series of undergraduate-level textbooks in mathematics published by Springer-Verlag. The books in this series, like the other Springer-Verlag mathematics series, are small yellow books of a standard size.
Undergroove Records Undergroove Records was founded as a British underground metal record label in 1998, the label has since become much more open minded releasing everything from the post-rock of Aereogramme to the trip hop influenced grooves of 27.
Underground Underground as an adjective commonly refers to something that is either below the ground (as opposed to groundlevel or aboveground) or outside of public consciousness. As a proper noun, the Underground may refer to a subculture or the Metro (mass transit system).
Underground (documentary film) Underground is a 1976 documentary film about the Weathermen, the militant faction of the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) who fought to overthrow the U.S. government during the 1960’s and 1970’s. The film consists of interviews with members of the group after they were forced underground and footage of the anti-war and civil rights protests during this time period. It was directed by Emile de Antonio, Haskell Wexler and Mary Lampson, who were subpoenaed by the Federal Bureau of Investigation in an attempt to confiscate the film footage in order to gain information that would help them arrest the Weathermen.
Underground (role-playing game) Underground is a satirical role playing game released by Mayfair Games in 1993 as a commentary on the politics and society of the early 1990s as expressed through the year 2021. Inspired by the Dark Age of Comic Books, Aeon Flux, and the political and social uphevals of the early 1990s, the game attempts to inspire social and political debate among its players as well as provide entertainment through playing renegade superheroes.
Underground (soundtrack) Underground is an album by Goran Bregović, with the music from the same named film by Emir Kusturica. Several songs from this album, such as "Mesecina" and "Kalasnjikov", became instant-classic tavern and brass-band hits.
Underground (stories) is a book by Japanese novelist Haruki Murakami about the 1995 Aum Shinrikyo sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway. Described as a work of "journalistic literature", it collects a series of separate interviews Murakami conducted with 60 victims of the attacks and 8 members of Aum, descriptions of how the attacks were carried out, and his essay "Blind Nightmare: Where are we Japanese going?
Underground Atlanta Underground Atlanta is a shopping and entertainment complex in the Five Points neighborhood of downtown Atlanta, Georgia, near the intersection of the MARTA rail lines. First opened in 1969, it takes advantage of the viaducts built over the city's many railroad tracks to accommodate automobile traffic.
Underground city An underground city is a network of tunnels that connect buildings, usually in the downtown area of a city. These may include office blocks, shopping malls, train and metro stations, theatres, and other attractions.
Underground city, Montreal Montreal's Underground City (French: La ville souterraine) is the set of underground city complexes in and around downtown Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It is also known as the indoor city (ville intérieure), and is the largest underground complex in the world.
Underground comix Underground comics (or comix) are self-published or small press comic books that sprang up in the US in the late 1960s. The movement was centered in San Francisco, but also included important artists and publishers in New York, Chicago and Austin, Texas.
Underground culture Underground culture, or just underground, is a term to describe various alternative cultures which either consider themselves different to the mainstream of society and culture, or are considered so by others. The word underground is used because there is a history of resistance movements under harsh regimes where the term underground was employed to refer to the necessary secrecy of the resisters.
Underground Coal Gasification Underground Coal Gasification (“UCG”) is a gasification process carried on in non-mined coal seams using injection and production wells drilled from the surface, which enables the coal to be converted into product gas. The process is flexible in operation and is capable of producing commercial quantities of gas to be used as a chemical feedstock or as fuel for power generation.
Underground Comedy Movie The Underground Comedy Movie was a film directed by Vince Offer and released in 1999, starring the director himself, Slash, Gena Lee Nolin, Karen Black, Angelyne, Joey Buttafuoco, Mongo Brownlee, Rebecca Chaney, Barbara Snellenburg, Lightfield Lewis, and Michael Clarke Duncan.
Underground economy The underground economy or shadow economy consists of all commerce that is not taxed. The market includes not only legally-prohibited commerce (for example, drugs, prostitution, and gambling activities that are illegal in some locales), but also trade in legal goods and services because some income is not reported and consequently taxation is avoided, e.
Underground Electric Railways Company The Underground Electric Railways Company of London Limited (UERL) was the holding company, for three of the new deep-level "tube" underground railway lines constructed in London in the first decade of the 20th century. It was established in 1902 by American financier Charles Yerkes who had been profitably involved in the development of the public transport system of Chicago.
Underground film The first use of the term "underground film" occurs in a 1957 essay by American film critic Manny Farber, "Underground Films." Farber uses it to refer to the work of directors who "played an anti-art role in Hollywood.
Underground gabber Underground gabber or real gabber refers to non-commercial gabber music created mostly for artistic expression and not for monetary purposes. Some underground DJs, after some years off of the non-commercial stage, did find a way to make money through their music and even began to change the music style to rave, trance music, hip hop music or happy hardcore.
Underground government An underground government is a government set up in a covert fashion, because it would be dangerous or impossible to do so openly. This is usually either in the course of a revolution, or in wartime, when a nation or territory has been occupied, and an existing government has been deposed by an invading army.
Underground Christian Network The Underground Christian Network is an organization which promotes a King James Only belief that all modern Bible translations are the work of a New Age conspiracy which is trying to replace historical Christian doctrines with New Age doctrines by making incremental changes in modern Bible translations to remove historic doctrines.Major Differences In Bible Versions
Underground Literary Alliance The Underground Literary Alliance is a Philadelphia-based, but internationally membered, group of writers, zinesters and DIY writers who seek to expose what they see as the corruption and insularity in the American book-publishing establishment while providing alternative avenues for writers who don't easily fit into mainstream institutions and agendas.<P>
Underground nuclear testing Underground nuclear testing refers to test detonations of nuclear weapons that are performed underground. Most nuclear tests have historically been performed underground, in order to prevent nuclear fallout from entering into the atmosphere.
Underground press The phrase underground press, especially underground newspapers (or simply underground papers) is most often used in reference to the alternative print media, independently published and distributed, associated with the countercultural movements of the late 1960s and early 1970s.
Underground prison An underground prison is a penitentiary facility located under the surface of the earth. Tunnels and cavities (either natural (caves) or man-made (bunkers)) are strengthened and furbished to form prison cells, hallways, guard rooms, cafeterias, shower rooms, etc.
Underground Press Syndicate The Underground Press Syndicate, commonly known as UPS, and later known as the Alternative Press Syndicate or APS, was a network of countercultural newspapers and magazines formed in 1967 by the publishers of several early underground papers, including the East Village Other, the Los Angeles Free Press, the San Francisco Oracle, and the Chicago Seed. In the South, the first to join was The Charlotte Inquisition.
Underground restaurant An underground restaurant is an illegal eating establishment, generally operated out of homes or apartments by people looking to offer something that isn't available in the legitimate restaurants of the community, generally bypassing local zoning and health code regulations. Most such places are advertised by word of mouth or guerilla advertising, and often require references to make a reservation.
Underground Railroad The Underground Railroad was a network of clandestine routes by which African slaves in the 19th century United States attempted to escape to free states, or as far north as Canada, with the aid of abolitionists. Other routes led to Mexico or overseas.
Underground Reich The Underground Reich is a theory that fascist elements embedded primarily in the German chemical and heavy industry, with the aid of banking and finance elements of the early 20th century, not only facilitated Hitler's rise to power and armed the Third Reich, but survived World War II and continue to not only function but prosper and extend the range and power of their influence throughout business, governmental, military, and religious institutions worldwide.
Underground Resistance Underground Resistance (commonly abbreviated to UR) are a musical collective from Detroit, Michigan, in the United States of America. They are the most militantly political example of modern Detroit Techno, with a grungy, four-track musical aesthetic and a strictly anti-mainstream business strategy.
Underground storage tank An Underground Storage Tank (UST), in United States environmental law, is a tank and any underground piping connected to the tank that has at least 10 percent of its combined volume underground. USTs used to store petroleum are regulated in the United States to prevent release of petroleum and contamination of groundwater.
Underground Service Alert Underground Service Alert (USA) is an organization that provides information about underground utilities at proposed excavation sites in California, Nevada and Hawaii as a free service. Homeowners, excavators and professional contractors who are digging, blasting, trenching, drilling, grading, or excavating regularly use USA's services.
Underground Sound of Lisbon Underground Sound of Lisbon (sometimes shortened to USL) was a collaboration between Portuguese house music producers Rui da Silva (then known as Doctor J) and DJ Vibe (real name TĂł Pereira). It was active between 1993 and 2001.
Underhanded C Contest The Underhanded C Contest is a programming contest to turn out code that is malicious, but passes a rigorous inspection, and looks like an honest mistake. The contest rules define a task, and a malicious component.
Underhill, Dorset Underhill is the name given to the area of land at the northern end of the Isle of Portland in Dorset, England, which is very steep and contains the villages of Chiswell, Castletown and Fortuneswell. The rest of the island is known as Tophill.
Underhook An underhook is a grappling term for a clinch hold that is used to control the opponent. It is performed from any direction by putting an arm under the opponents arm, and holding the opponents midsection or upper body.
Underinvestment employment relationship The underinvestment employment relationship occurs, in a market economy, when an employer is in a position to demand more from her employees in terms of production, compared to the amount of money and other goods she is obliged to spend on wages and other employee benefits.
Underlay Underlay is a thin layer of cushioned material usually made of sponge rubber (the most popular), foam or crumb rubber (made from recycled car tyres) that is underlaid under a carpet to provide underfoot comfort and to protect the carpet throughout its life. Underlays also provide insulation against sound, moisture and heat, thus minimising heating bills.
Underlying In finance, the underlying of a derivative is an asset, basket of assets or index, such that the cash flows of the derivative depend on its value. There must be an independent way to observe this value to avoid conflicts of interest.
Underlying representation In phonology, the underlying representation or underlying form of a morpheme is the abstract form the morpheme is postulated to have before any phonological rules have applied to it. The underlying representation of a morpheme is considered to be invariable across related forms (except in cases of suppletion), despite alternations among various allophones on the surface.
Undermining (chess) Undermining (also known as Removal of the Guard) is a chess tactic in which a defensive piece is captured, leaving one of the opponent's pieces undefended or underdefended. The opponent has the unpalatable choice between recapturing or saving the underdefended piece.
Underneath (The Verve Pipe album) Underneath is the most recent studio album by The Verve Pipe, released on September 25, 2001. Produced by Fountains of Wayne / Ivy band member Adam Schlesinger, the album's power-pop sound was a departure from the darker, textured sonics of The Verve Pipe and Villains.
Underneath the Stars "Underneath the Stars" is a song written and produced by American singer Mariah Carey and Walter Afanasieff for Carey's sixth album, Daydream. The protagonist of this ballad recalls "drifting away" as she explored young love "underneath the stars", and Carey has been quoted as saying this was her favorite track on the album.
Underoath Underoath is an American Rock band based in Tampa, Florida; they are currently signed to Tooth & Nail/Solid State Records. Though the band's musical style has changed substantially since its inception in 1998, it may be said that currently the sextet plays a brand of hard music which combines elements of post-hardcore, emo, and metalcore.
Underpainting In art, an underpainting is an initial layer of paint applied to a ground, which serves as a base for subsequent layers of paint. Underpaintings are often monochromatic and help to define colour values for later painting.
Underprivileged area score The Underprivileged Area Score is an indicy to measure socio-economic variation across small geographical areas. The score is an outcome of the need identified in the Acheson Committee Report (into General Practitioner (GP) services in the UK), to create an indicy to identify 'underprivileged areas' where there were high numbers of patients and hence pressure on General Practitioner services.
Underpromotion In chess, underpromotion is promotion of a pawn that has reached the eighth rank to any piece other than a queen; that is a rook, a bishop or a knight. It is uncommon, since the queen is the most powerful piece, but can be necessary in specific situations.
Undersåker Court District Undersåker Court District, or Undersåkers tingslag, was a district of Jämtland in Sweden. The provinces in Norrland were never divided into hundreds and instead the court district (tingslag) served as the basic division of rural areas.
Underscore Records Underscore Records was a Baltimore based independent record label founded by Rjyan Kidwell for the purpose of releasing his own music as well as that of some friendly contemporaries. Managing to release three albums on CD-R and two seven inch vinyl singles between 1998 and 1999, the label effectively folded with Cex's migration to Tigerbeat6 in 2000.
Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society The Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society (UHMS) is the primary source of information for diving and hyperbaric medicine physiology worldwide. It was founded as the Undersea Medical Society in 1967 but in 1986 changed the name to Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society.
Undersea Trilogy Undersea Trilogy is a series of three Science Fiction paperback books created and written by author Frederik Pohl and Jack Williamson beginning in 1954. The story takes place in and around the underwater dome city call Marinia.
Underseal Underseal is a thick resilient coating applied to the underbody or chassis of an automobile to protect against impact damage from small stones, which would rapidly chip ordinary paint, allowing rusting to begin.
Undersecretary An undersecretary is a career bureaucrat who typically acts as a senior administrator or second-in-command to a politically-appointed Cabinet Minister or other government official. The title is used in many different political systems.
Undersecretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator The Undersecretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator is a high level position in the United Nations that heads the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. The post Emergency Relief Coordinator (ERC) was created by UN resolution on December 1991 to coordinate the efforts of the special representatives of the United Nations Secretary-General to complex, man-made emergencies and the tasks of the UN Disaster Relief Coordinator (UNDRO), who handles natural disasters.
Undersheriff The Undersheriff in American law enforcement is the second in charge of an American Sheriff's Office. The position is usually filled from within the force by a career law enforcement officer as opposed to the publicly elected sheriff.
Underspecification Underspecification is a phenomenon in theoretical linguistics where certain features are omitted in underlying representations. Restricted Underspecification theory holds that features should only be underspecified if their values are predictable.
Undersquare A piston engine is undersquare or longstroke if its cylinders have a smaller bore (width, diameter) than stroke (length of piston travel). This can be a negative trait, since a longer stroke usually means greater friction, a weaker crankshaft, and a smaller bore means smaller valves which restricts gaseous exchange; however, with the aid of modern technology, these are not the large problems that they used to be.
Understand Understand is a commercial static code analysis software tool produced by Scitools. It is primarily used to reverse engineer, automatically document, and calculate code metrics for projects with large code-bases.
Understanding Understanding is a psychological process related to an abstract or physical object, such as, person, situation and message whereby one is able to think about it and use concepts to deal adequately with that object.
Understanding (Xscape album) Isn't really a proper greatest hits collection but does contain their biggest hit off each album, "Hummin' Commin' at 'Cha"'s "Understanding", "Off the Hook"'s "Do You Want To", and "Traces Of My Lipstick"'s "My Little Secret".
Understanding by Design Understanding by Design (UbD) is an educational "framework for designing curriculum units, performance assessments, and instruction that lead your students to deep understanding of the content you teach,"established by Grant Wiggins and Jay McTighe in the book, Understanding by Design.
Understanding Comics Understanding Comics: The Invisible Art is a 215-page non-fiction comic book by Scott McCloud, widely considered the definitive text to date on the theory of comics (or sequential art) as an artform and a communications medium. It explores the definition of "comics", the historical development of the medium, its fundamental vocabulary, and various ways in which these elements have been used.
Understanding Consciousness Understanding Consciousness is a scientific-philosophical text written by Max Velmans, Professor of Psychology at Goldsmith's College, University of London. The book combines scientific studies of consciousness with philosophy of mind.
Understanding in a Car Crash Understanding In A Car Crash was the debut single from New Jersey band Thursday's second album, Full Collapse (Victory Records - 2001). It details the story of singer Geoff Rickly's friend dying an untimely death and the singer's psychological struggle in coming to terms with the incident and trying to place himself in his friend's shoes.

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